PEDs Flashcards
EPO
Peptide hormone produced naturally by kidneys
stimulates formation of new RBCs in bone marrow
can be produced using DNA technology
used to treat anaemia
the natural occurrence of it makes it difficult to detect raised/ artificial EPO levels
benefit of epo
bone marrow produces more red blood cells
increased number of ref blood cells increases blood oxygen-carrying capacity
blood oxygen concentration rises
beneficial for endurance athletes/ long distance running/ aerobic activities
testosterone
steroid hormone produced in testes in males
produced in small amounts from adrenal glands in both males and females
causes development of male sexual organs
responsible for development of male secondary sexual characteristics during adolescence
testosterone mechanism
binds to androgen receptors
modify gene expression to alter development
increase anabolic reactions, such as protein synthesis
causing increase in size and strength of the muscle
anabolic steroids
manufactured by chemical modification of testosterone
used by athletes to increase muscle development
problem with injecting testosterone
it is quickly broken down by body so doesnt increase muscle development much/ limited effectiveness
anabolic steroids used instead
risks of anabolic steroids
cause high bp, liver damage, change in menstrual cycle, decreased sperm production/ impotence in men, kidney failure, heart disease
medical use of anabolic steroids
prescription only
used to treat osteoporosis/ muscle-wasting diseases
detecting anabolic steroids
urine samples
detected using mass spectrometry
difficult to set a level above which an athlete can confidently be said to be doping
when anabolic steroids are taken, ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone increases (both compounds found in urine)
T:E ratio above 4:1 shows doping
creatine
has performance enhancing effect but is not banned
synthesised in body from amino acids glycine and arginine
supplements increase the amount of creatine phosphate in muscles
mechanism of creatinee
ingested and absorbed unchanged
transported and carried in the blood to tissues such as skeletal muscle
benefit of creatine supplements
increases amount of creatine phosphate in muscles
increased CP storage improves performance in repeated, short-duration, high-intensity exercise
combined with heavy weight training it increases muscle mass and maximum strength, and decreases recovery time
adverse effects of creatine
diarrhoea
nausea
vomiting
high blood pressure
kidney damage
muscle cramps
