exercise Flashcards
effect of moderate exercise on immunity
increases number and activity of of natural killer cells
these offer non specific protection against infections
natural killer cells
can be activated by interferons and cytokines
targets cells that are not self markers
release perforin, which makes pores in targeted cell membrane
allows other molecules to enter and cause apoptosis
effect of vigorous exercise on immunity
after prolonged, high intensity exercise, the number and activity of:
natural killer cells
phagocytes
b cells
t helper cells, falls
specific immune system is temporarily depressed as a consequence of these changes
inflammatory response occurs in muscles due to damage of muscle fibres caused by heavy exercise
- may reduce available non-specific immune response against upper respiratory tract infection
physical exercise and psychological stress cause secretion of hormones like adrenaline/ cortisol- both of which are known to suppress the immune system
effect of decrease in t helper cells
reduces the amount of cytokines available to activate lymphocytes
therefore reducing the quantity of antibodies produced
joint damage by exercise
articular coverage wears away so bones may grind on each other
- damage that can lead to inflammation/ arthritis
patellar tendonitis- patella does not glide smoothly over femur due to damage of articular cartilage on femur
bursae can swell up with extra fluid- may push against other tissues in joint- causing inflammation and tenderness
damage to ligament can be caused by sudden twisting/ abrupt movements
keyhole surgery
fibre optics/ minute video cameras used
keyhole surgery on joints known as ‘arthroscopy’
allows joints to be repaired with minimal invasion, quicker recovery time
ACL recovery time may only be a few weeks
common injuries
ACL- damaged by sudden turning/ pivoting
- usually prevents knee bending too far back
- common with footballers/ basketball players
popping/ snapping sound may be heard when torn
knee joint can be stabilised to prevent further/ future injury
repeated damage to a joint can affect the cartilage and shorten an athlete’s career
prostheses
artificial body part used by someone with a disability to enable them to regain a degree of normal function/ appearance
allows disabled athletes to be more physically active and perform at higher levels
articulated prosthetics
better on uneven surfaces and useful in sports like golf
high friction surfaces can be added to a prosthetic to provide a better grip
use of prosthetics
to replace damaged/ diseased joints that have not responded to medical or other therapy
replacement knee
incision on affected knee, patella moved out of way, ends of femur and tibia trimmed to fit the prosthesis
special bone cement used to attach the new surfaces
benefits of exercise
increasing arterial vasodilation lowers bp
- reduces risk of CHD/ stroke
physical activity increases level of blood HDLs, and reduces LDL
helps maintain a healthy weight
improves blood glucose regulation
- reduces risk of developing type II diabetes
increases bone density and reduces its loss during old age
- delays the onset and slows progress of osteoporosis
reduces risk of some cancers
improves mental wellbeing
risks of too little exercise
increases risk of CHD, stroke, cancer, obesity, diabetes and osteoporosis
weight gain –> obesity –> high bp and high blood LDL levels
HDLs vs LDLs
HDL- transport cholesterol to liver where it is broken down- good
LDL- associated with development of atherosclerosis, CHD and stroke
