respiration part 1 Flashcards
what are the Respiratory systems functions? (theres 7)
1) provide oxygen
2) eliminate CO2
3) regulate blood pH
4) facilitate speech
5) provide microbial defense
6) activate/inactivate chemical messengers in blood
7) defend against blood clots
what are the 3 airway zones?
1) Upper airway
2) conducting zone
3) respiratory zone
what structures make up the upper airway?
structures outside of the thoracic cavity:
mouth/nose → pharynx → larynx → top of trachea
what structures make up the conducting zone?
structures in thoracic cavity, but no gas exchange:
trachea → primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles
the ________ and _______ include cartilaginous rings and mucous glands
trachea and bronchi
in the conduction zone, the _______ have layers of smooth muscle, but lacks cartilage and lands
bronchioles
the respiratory zone includes structures where ____________ can occur
gas exchange
what structures make up the respiratory zone?
respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs
T/F: respiratory bronchioles very thin-walled; have alveoli in walls
true
__________ is important for respiratory function
Branching
what are the functions of the conducting zone?
- branching: reduce airflow resistance
- warm/moisten air
- microbial defense
the functions of the conducting zone are impaired by what disease?
cystic fibrosis
_______ cells secrete mucus which can trap airborne particles and pathogens
goblet
cilia on epithelial cells move mucus upwards to the _______ where it can be swallowed or expelled
pharynx
what mutation causes cystic fibrosis?
mutation in genetic code for Cl- channel
what is the effect of the deficient Cl- channels in cystic fibrosis patients?
reduces the amount of Na+ and Cl- secreted across the epithelium into mucus
→ less water in mucus (due to osmosis)
→ mucus is thick and dry
what are the consequences of abnormal mucus?
infectious agents are trapped, but not expelled
airways are obstructed
what are the functions of the respiratory zone
- regulate airflow
- site of gas exchange
- microbial defense
__________ in bronchioles regulate airflow
Smooth muscles
how are Alveoli well-suited for optimizing gas exchange?
high surface area
highly vascularized
respiratory surface very thin
low rate of bloodflow provides time for exchange
how is Microbial defense is provided in the respiratory zone?
by pulmonary macrophages
there are ____ types of cells in the alveoli…. name them
3 types of cells:
- Type 1
- Type 2
- macrophages
______ alveoli cells are epithelial, and are the gas exchange surface
Type 1 alveoli
name the functions of type 2 alveoli cells
Type II – secrete surfactant