respiration part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the Respiratory systems functions? (theres 7)

A

1) provide oxygen
2) eliminate CO2
3) regulate blood pH
4) facilitate speech
5) provide microbial defense
6) activate/inactivate chemical messengers in blood
7) defend against blood clots

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2
Q

what are the 3 airway zones?

A

1) Upper airway
2) conducting zone
3) respiratory zone

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3
Q

what structures make up the upper airway?

A

structures outside of the thoracic cavity:

mouth/nose → pharynx → larynx → top of trachea

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4
Q

what structures make up the conducting zone?

A

structures in thoracic cavity, but no gas exchange:

trachea → primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles

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5
Q

the ________ and _______ include cartilaginous rings and mucous glands

A

trachea and bronchi

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6
Q

in the conduction zone, the _______ have layers of smooth muscle, but lacks cartilage and lands

A

bronchioles

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7
Q

the respiratory zone includes structures where ____________ can occur

A

gas exchange

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8
Q

what structures make up the respiratory zone?

A

respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs

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9
Q

T/F: respiratory bronchioles very thin-walled; have alveoli in walls

A

true

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10
Q

__________ is important for respiratory function

A

Branching

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11
Q

what are the functions of the conducting zone?

A
  • branching: reduce airflow resistance
  • warm/moisten air
  • microbial defense
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12
Q

the functions of the conducting zone are impaired by what disease?

A

cystic fibrosis

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13
Q

_______ cells secrete mucus which can trap airborne particles and pathogens

A

goblet

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14
Q

cilia on epithelial cells move mucus upwards to the _______ where it can be swallowed or expelled

A

pharynx

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15
Q

what mutation causes cystic fibrosis?

A

mutation in genetic code for Cl- channel

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16
Q

what is the effect of the deficient Cl- channels in cystic fibrosis patients?

A

reduces the amount of Na+ and Cl- secreted across the epithelium into mucus

→ less water in mucus (due to osmosis)

→ mucus is thick and dry

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17
Q

what are the consequences of abnormal mucus?

A

infectious agents are trapped, but not expelled

airways are obstructed

18
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory zone

A
  • regulate airflow
  • site of gas exchange
  • microbial defense
19
Q

__________ in bronchioles regulate airflow

A

Smooth muscles

20
Q

how are Alveoli well-suited for optimizing gas exchange?

A

high surface area

highly vascularized

respiratory surface very thin

low rate of bloodflow provides time for exchange

21
Q

how is Microbial defense is provided in the respiratory zone?

A

by pulmonary macrophages

22
Q

there are ____ types of cells in the alveoli…. name them

A

3 types of cells:

  • Type 1
  • Type 2
  • macrophages
23
Q

______ alveoli cells are epithelial, and are the gas exchange surface

A

Type 1 alveoli

24
Q

name the functions of type 2 alveoli cells

A

Type II – secrete surfactant

25
O2 and CO2 diffuse at different rates due to different ________
solubilities
26
what is the solubility rate of CO2? O2?
CO2 solubility = 77 mmol/L O2 = 2.2 mmol/L
27
T/F: Respiratory surface includes several layers that gases must cross
true
28
what structure adheres to the underside of the thoracic wall and the top of the diaphragm
parietal (outer) pleura
29
the visceral (inner) pleura covers what structures?
covers the outer surface of the lung
30
the space between the two pleural layers is the ________
pleural sac
31
what is the function of the Intrapleural fluid?
lubricates surfaces
32
____________ is subject to pressure changes when thoracic cage expands or contracts
pleural sac (interpleural fluid)
33
airflow is proportional to _________, and inversely proportional to __________
proportional to pressure differences inversely proportional to resistance to flow
34
describe what muscles are active during inspiration
diaphragm contracts → lowers floor of cavity → increases volume external intercostals contract → raise ribcage → increase volume
35
describe what muscles are active during Expiration
diaphragm relaxes → raises floor of cavity → reduces volume external intercostals relax → lower ribcage → reduces volume
36
when does Palv equal Patm?
between breaths (no air is moving)
37
T/F: the pressure of the interpleural cavity is usually above atmospheric pressure
False- its below
38
A ________ occurs when lung (actually, the pleural sac) is punctured
pneumthorax
39
an increase in the volume of the thorax is associated with a ________ in transpulmonary pressure
increase
40
what occurs when Palv becomes sub-atmospheric?
air flows into the alveoli
41
______ recoil is critical for lung function
elastic