respiration part 1

Question 1

what are the Respiratory systems functions? (theres 7)

Answer 1

1) provide oxygen
2) eliminate CO2
3) regulate blood pH
4) facilitate speech
5) provide microbial defense
6) activate/inactivate chemical messengers in blood
7) defend against blood clots

Question 2

what are the 3 airway zones?

Answer 2

1) Upper airway
2) conducting zone
3) respiratory zone

Question 3

what structures make up the upper airway?

Answer 3

structures outside of the thoracic cavity:

mouth/nose → pharynx → larynx → top of trachea

Question 4

what structures make up the conducting zone?

Answer 4

structures in thoracic cavity, but no gas exchange:

trachea → primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles

Question 5

the ________ and _______ include cartilaginous rings and mucous glands

Answer 5

trachea and bronchi

Question 6

in the conduction zone, the _______ have layers of smooth muscle, but lacks cartilage and lands

Answer 6

bronchioles

Question 7

the respiratory zone includes structures where ____________ can occur

Answer 7

gas exchange

Question 8

what structures make up the respiratory zone?

Answer 8

respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs

Question 9

T/F: respiratory bronchioles very thin-walled; have alveoli in walls

Answer 9

true

Question 10

__________ is important for respiratory function

Answer 10

Branching

Question 11

what are the functions of the conducting zone?

Answer 11

• branching: reduce airflow resistance
• warm/moisten air
• microbial defense

Question 12

the functions of the conducting zone are impaired by what disease?

Answer 12

cystic fibrosis

Question 13

_______ cells secrete mucus which can trap airborne particles and pathogens

Answer 13

goblet

Question 14

cilia on epithelial cells move mucus upwards to the _______ where it can be swallowed or expelled

Answer 14

pharynx

Question 15

what mutation causes cystic fibrosis?

Answer 15

mutation in genetic code for Cl- channel

Question 16

what is the effect of the deficient Cl- channels in cystic fibrosis patients?

Answer 16

reduces the amount of Na+ and Cl- secreted across the epithelium into mucus

→ less water in mucus (due to osmosis)

→ mucus is thick and dry

Question 17

what are the consequences of abnormal mucus?

Answer 17

infectious agents are trapped, but not expelled

airways are obstructed

Question 18

what are the functions of the respiratory zone

Answer 18

• regulate airflow
• site of gas exchange
• microbial defense

Question 19

__________ in bronchioles regulate airflow

Answer 19

Smooth muscles

Question 20

how are Alveoli well-suited for optimizing gas exchange?

Answer 20

high surface area

highly vascularized

respiratory surface very thin

low rate of bloodflow provides time for exchange

Question 21

how is Microbial defense is provided in the respiratory zone?

Answer 21

by pulmonary macrophages

Question 22

there are ____ types of cells in the alveoli…. name them

Answer 22

3 types of cells:

• Type 1
• Type 2
• macrophages

Question 23

______ alveoli cells are epithelial, and are the gas exchange surface

Answer 23

Type 1 alveoli

Question 24

name the functions of type 2 alveoli cells

Answer 24

Type II – secrete surfactant

Question 25

O2 and CO2 diffuse at different rates due to different ________

Answer 25

solubilities

Question 26

what is the solubility rate of CO2? O2?

Answer 26

CO2 solubility = 77 mmol/L

O2 = 2.2 mmol/L

Question 27

T/F: Respiratory surface includes several layers that gases must cross

Answer 27

true

Question 28

what structure adheres to the underside of the thoracic wall and the top of the diaphragm

Answer 28

parietal (outer) pleura

Question 29

the visceral (inner) pleura covers what structures?

Answer 29

covers the outer surface of the lung

Question 30

the space between the two pleural layers is the ________

Answer 30

pleural sac

Question 31

what is the function of the Intrapleural fluid?

Answer 31

lubricates surfaces

Question 32

____________ is subject to pressure changes when thoracic cage expands or contracts

Answer 32

pleural sac (interpleural fluid)

Question 33

airflow is proportional to _________, and inversely proportional to __________

Answer 33

proportional to pressure differences

inversely proportional to resistance to flow

Question 34

describe what muscles are active during inspiration

Answer 34

diaphragm contracts → lowers floor of cavity → increases volume

external intercostals contract → raise ribcage → increase volume

Question 35

describe what muscles are active during Expiration

Answer 35

diaphragm relaxes → raises floor of cavity → reduces volume

external intercostals relax → lower ribcage → reduces volume

Question 36

when does Palv equal Patm?

Answer 36

between breaths (no air is moving)

Question 37

T/F: the pressure of the interpleural cavity is usually above atmospheric pressure

Answer 37

False- its below

Question 38

A ________ occurs when lung (actually, the pleural sac) is punctured

Answer 38

pneumthorax

Question 39

an increase in the volume of the thorax is associated with a ________ in transpulmonary pressure

Answer 39

increase

Question 40

what occurs when Palv becomes sub-atmospheric?

Answer 40

air flows into the alveoli

Question 41

______ recoil is critical for lung function

Answer 41

elastic