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physio- exam 3 > Gastrointestinal tract > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal tract Flashcards

1
Q

there are ___ glandular regions in the stomach, but there are ____ sections of the stomach

A

2 glandular regions

3 anatomical sections

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2
Q

what are the 3 cell types of the gastric pits?

A

1) mucous neck cells
2) Chief cells
3) Parietal cells

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3
Q

which gastric pit cells produce HCl (stomach acid)?

A

parietal cells

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4
Q

in what sections of the stomach is HCl produced?

A

Fundus and Body

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5
Q

________ cells of the gastric pits will produce intrinsic factor

A

parietal cells

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6
Q

pepsinogen is produced by what type of gastric pit cells? In what sections of the stomach is pepsinogen found?

A
  • produced by CHIEF cells

- found in body and antrum of stomach

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7
Q

T/F: mucous (produced by mucous neck cells) is produced throughout all sections of stomach

A

true

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8
Q

_______ cells produce HCO3- (carbonate)

A

Epithelial Cells

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9
Q

what do G cells produce? where are they found

A

G cells produce GASTRIN

found in Antrum of stomach

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10
Q

Somatostatin is produced by what cell type?

A

D cells

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11
Q

Enterochromaffin-like cells of the stomach produce what?

A

Histamine

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12
Q

_______ is the strongest HCl stimulant for the parietal cells

A

Histamine

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13
Q

what enzyme is essential for the production of HCl in parietal cells?

A

carbonic anhydrase

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14
Q

T/F: the H+/K+ transporter on parietal cells does not require ATP

A

FALSE

it requires ATP

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15
Q

T/F: the flow of Cl- ions from parietal cells happens without the need of ATP (AKA- Cl- diffuses down its concentration gradient)

A

True

H+ = active
Cl- = passive
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16
Q

what is transported to the capillaries during HCL production in the stomach? what is absorbed from the capillaries?

A

HCO3- is transported from the parietal cells, toward the capillaries

Cl- is taken up by the parietal cells

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17
Q

what can trigger histamine release for parietal cells?

A

release can be triggered by gastrin or Ach

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18
Q

T/F: Gastrin and Ach can have direct effects on parietal cells

A

True- they cause a release of histamine which increases HCl production

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19
Q

what does the activation of parietal cell receptors (for Ach or gastrin) result in?

A

activation of receptors results in second messenger activation that increases the ability of parietal cell to release H+ and Cl-

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20
Q

___________ is a potent inhibitor of HCl secretion via 2 mechanisms

A

Somatostatin

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21
Q

what 2 stomach cells does somatostatin have an effect on?

A

inhibits both G Cells and Parietal Cells

result- decreases gastrin and HCl production

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22
Q

what are cephalic phase stimuli? what do they activate?

A

—sight, smell, taste of food

—activation of PNS and production of Ach

(also activated by mechanical stimulation from chewing and swallowing).

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23
Q

when the pH of chyme is < 3, _______ is produced

A

secretin

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24
Q

T/F: the intestinal phase initially enhances HCl secretion. But, later in digestion, the intestinal phase is inhibitory.

A

true

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25
Q

what triggers the “gastric phase” of digestion?

A
  • distention, proteins, peptides and amino acids.

- Increase in gastrin secretion.

26
Q

__________ is a zymogen (i.e., it is a proenzyme that needs to be cleaved to become active)

A

pepsinogen

27
Q

T/F: pepsinogen is converted to pepsin within chief cells

A

FALSE

  • chief cells secrete pepsinogen
  • HCl in the stomach cleaves pepsinogen into pepsin
28
Q

the HCl produced by the stomach would dissolve gastric tissue, but ______ provides a barrier that protects the cells

A

mucus

produced by mucus neck cells

29
Q

what IONS are used by gastric epithelial cells?

A

Na+
Cl-
K+
HCO3-

30
Q

“Intrinsic factor” is involved with the absorption of what?

A

vitamin B12

happens later on in the intestines

31
Q

In general, the same factors that affect HCl secretion also affect gastric ___________

A

motility/emptying

32
Q

__________ are hormones produced by intestinal cells that inhibit the secretion or motility in the stomach�

A

Enterogastrone

33
Q

what are 2 examples of enterogastrones?

A

Secretin, and CCK

34
Q

what would be the effects on stomach motility if there were an increase in duodenum acidity, or an increase in Fats/proteins?

A

it would DECREASE gastric emptying

Secretin (acid) and CKK (fats/proteins) would trigger the INCREASE of enterogastrones

35
Q

the pancreas is an EXOCRINE gland….. what does it excrete?

A

bicarbonate ions

digestive enzymes (many, many, many digestive enzymes)

36
Q

what converts trypsinogen into trypsin?

A

membrane bound enterokinases

37
Q

what is the role of trypsin?

A

activates enzymes (from the pancreas) in the LUMEN

38
Q

both trypsinogen and inactive digestion enzymes are produced by the ________

A

pancreas

39
Q

CCK Secretion is potentiated by ______

A

secretin

40
Q

when there is an increase in intestinal fatty acids and amino acids, the cells of the small intestine will secrete _______. how does this effect the pancreas?

A

CCK

it will increase the amount of enzymes produced by the pancreas (increases digestion rate)

41
Q

Bicarbonate secretion is essentially the same as _____ secretion in reverse.

A

HCl

42
Q

how is the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas regulated?

A

Hormone regulation by secretin

Feedback regulation by acidity

43
Q

the cell of the liver secrete bile into small ducts called bile _______

A

canaliculi

44
Q

_________ is absorbed thanks to the help of bile salts

A

cholesterol

45
Q

what substances are found in “Bile”?

A
  • Bile salts
  • Lecithin
  • Cholesterol
  • Bile pigments (like bilirubin) and other metabolic end products
  • Bicarbonate ions
46
Q

Bile salts are recycled through what?

A

through the enterohepatic circulation

47
Q

how much bile salt does the liver SYNTHESIZE per day? how much does it SECRETE?

A

synthesizes 20-60 mg of bile salts a day

48
Q

what is the end feedback result of increased fatty acids in the duodenum?

A

increased bile flow to duodenum

49
Q

Primary role of the small intestine is _______

A

absorption

50
Q

T/F: Contractions of the small intestine are important for absorption

A

true

51
Q

what is Peristalsis?

A

progressive contractions of successive sections of circular smooth muscle

52
Q

what causes the Segmentation of the small intestine

A

closely spaced contractions of circular muscle layer

53
Q

what does the segmented nature of the small intestine allow for?

A

for the movement/mixing of chyme/bolus through the intestines (maximizes contact)

54
Q

T/F: After most absorption has occurred, segmentation contractions occur

A

FALSE

peristaltic contractions occur

55
Q

Peristalsis is driven by what?

A

by a migrating myoelectric complex

56
Q

peristalsis is Initiated by the intestinal hormone ______

A

motilin

57
Q

what makes up most of the bolus in the large intestine?

A

small intestine secretions or undigestable foods

58
Q

what is the primary purpose of the large intestine?

A

to actively transport Na+ from lumen to blood

Also, bicarbonate secretion is coupled to Cl- ion absorption

59
Q

peristaltic-like contractions of the LARGE intestine occur how often?

A

3 – 4 times per day

60
Q

what is absorbed by the small intestine?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals

physio- exam 3 (9 decks)

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