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physio- exam 3 > renal part 2 > Flashcards

renal part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

After filtration, __________ is subject to reabsorption and secretion

A

tubular fluid

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2
Q

what are the 2 modes of transport for molecules in the tubular fluid?

A

transcellular

paracellular

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3
Q

in ________ transport, molecules move through tubular cells

A

transcellular

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4
Q

in ________ transport, molecules move between tubular cells

A

paracellular

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5
Q

________ diffusion requires a specific membrane protein

A

facilitated

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6
Q

what types of transporter proteins are used for facilitated diffusion?

A

uniporter

symporter

antiporter

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7
Q

65% of all filtered Na+ will be reabsorbed in the ____________

A

proximal tubule

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8
Q

20% of all filtered Na+ will be reabsorbed in the ____________

A

thick ascending limb

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9
Q

only ___% of the initial Na+ that was filtered remains once the filtrate reaches the collecting duct

A

3

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10
Q

what percentage of the Na+ that is initially filtered ends up being excreted?

A

less than 1%

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11
Q

what molecules are reabsorbed with Na+ in the proximal tubule?

A

glucose and amino acids are rebsorbed with Na+

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12
Q

what type of transporter is used to reabsorb glucose and amino acids from the proximal tubule?

A

symporters

use Na+ to pull glucose and AAs

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13
Q

what keeps intracellular Na+ low in the walls of the proximal tubule?

A

Active transport on basal side of the PT cells

the Na+/K+ antiporter

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14
Q

in the PT (proximal tubule), ________ move via paracellular transport

A

Water (and solutes)

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15
Q

how are small proteins reabsorbed in the PT? how is this accomplished?

A

Small proteins reabsorbed via endocytosis

requires ATP (active transport)

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16
Q

what is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule using a Na+/H+ antiporter?

A

Bicarbonate ions

reabsorption is NOT direct- coupled to the Na+/H+ exchanger

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17
Q

what reaction produces H+ and HCO3- in tubule cells?

A

Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) reaction

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18
Q

T/F: Organic ions are commonly bound to plasma proteins so they are not filtered at the glomerulus

A

true

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19
Q

how does the proximal tubule secrete organic ions?

A

The proximal tubule has organic cation and organic anion transporters to secrete these molecules into the tubular fluid

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20
Q

by the end of the proximal tubule, how much of the initial Na+, Cl-, and water are reabsorbed?

A

2/3 of Na+, Cl-, and water reabsorbed

small proteins too

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21
Q

in the proximal tubule, K+ and divalent cations are reabsorbed by __________

A

solvent drag

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22
Q

In the loop of Henle, __% of filtered NaCl and ___% of water is reabsorbed

A

25% of filtered NaCl and 15% of water is reabsorbed

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23
Q

the Descending thin limb is impermeable to ______, but permeable to ______

A

impermeable to salt, but permeable to water

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24
Q

the Ascending thin limb is impermeable to _____, but permeable to ______

A

impermeable to water, but permeable to salt

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25
reabsorption in the Ascending and Descending thin limbs is a _______ process
passive
26
T/F: fluid in the ascending THICK limb is diluted
true
27
in the ascending thick limb, Na+ K+ 2Cl- symporter are found in the ______ membrane
apical
28
in the ascending thick limb, Na+ K+ ATPase transporters are found in the ________ membrane
basolateral
29
T/F: paracellular transport of monovalents and divalents in the ascending thick limb is due to solvent drag
FALSE
30
tubular fluid becomes positive when what is reabsorbed?
Cl-
31
Fluid leaving loop of henle is _________
hyposmotic
32
what establishes an osmotic gradient required for formation of hyperosmotic urine in the loop of henle?
the renal countercurrent mechanism
33
where is the "vasa recta" found?
at the bottom of the peritubular capillaries most concentrated solute area
34
where does ADH work in the nephron? what does its absence cause?
ADH works on the collecting duct absence of ADH causes a LARGE amount of DILUTE urine
35
in the DISTAL tubule, there is a Na+ Cl- symporter in the ______ membrane, and a Na+ K+ ATPase in _________ membrane
Na+/Cl- symporter on the apical membrane Na+ K+ ATPase on the basolateral membrane
36
principal cells of the distal tubule have ___________ channels that reabsorb Na+ and secrete K+
epithelial sodium channels (ENaC)
37
what drives paracellular Cl- reabsorption in the distal tubule?
Na+ reabsorption drives paracellular Cl- reabsorption
38
how is K+ secreted in the distal tubule?
K+ secreted due to Na+ K+ ATPase
39
A positive or negative shift in water balance shifts extracellular volume away from _______ (normal)
euvolemia
40
___________ is released from the posterior pituitary, and helps control kidney volume regulation
Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
41
at what osmolarity is vasopressin (ADH) released?
respond to osmolality above a set point of 275-290 mOsm/kg H2O
42
T/F: vasopressin release can be stimulated by changes in blood volume/pressure
true
43
what kind of baroreceptors respond to a decrease in blood pressure?
high pressure baroreceptors in aortic arch and carotid sinus
44
what kind of baroreceptors respond to a decrease in blood volume?
low pressure baroreceptors in left atrium and large pulmonary vessels
45
what effect does ADH have on the nephron?
ADH increases the permeability of the late distal tubule and the collecting duct to water
46
ADH (vasopressin) causes insertion of _______ into the apical membrane of the nephrons
aquaporins
47
ADH (vasopressin) increases permeability of medullary collecting duct to ______
urea
48
what happens when ADH levels are low?
solutes reabsorbed in distal tubule and collecting duct, but no water reabsorption; urine as dilute as 50 mOsm/kg H2O
49
what is the result of high ADH levels?
water reabsorbed as fluid passes through collecting duct; urine can be concentrated up to 1200 mOsm/kg H2O
50
_______________ and __________ stimulate events which increase sodium and water reabsorption
Angiotensin II and aldosterone
51
when is renin released?
renin released in response to: 1) a drop in perfusion pressure 2) decreased NaCl delivery to macula densa 3) sympathetic input to juxtaglomerular cells
52
what converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1?
Renin
53
what molecule is responsible for the conversion of angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2?
ACE | angiotensin converting enzyme
54
where is ACE produced?
Endothelial cells of the lung and kindey
55
angiotensin 2 will stimulate _______ and ___________ secretion
aldosterone and ADH
56
how does aldosterone (from the adrenal cortex) Increase NaCl reabsorption?
increase NaCl reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct by increasing transport protein synthesis
57
Natriuretic peptides are secreted when what occurs?
the heart dilates (during volume expansion)
58
what are the effects of natriuretic peptides? (theres 4 of them)
1) vasodilation of AFFERENT arterioles 2) vasoconstriction of EFFERENT arterioles 3) inhibits renin (and aldosterone) 4) inhibits ADH secretion
59
what is the net effect of natriuretic peptide release?
increases the excretion of NaCl and water | - does this by REDUCING reabsorption
60
during volume expansion, where in the nephron is the reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- actually increased?
- ****Thick ascending limb***** | - Distal tubule
61
______ is a major determinant of membrane resting potential
potassium (K+)
62
____________ will depolarize Vm, while ____________ will hyper-polarize Vm
hyperkalemia will depolarize hypokalemia will hyper-polarize
63
the kidneys typically excrete ________% of ingested K+
90-95%
64
In the _________ K+ is freely filtered
glomerulus
65
in the ______________ about 67% of filtered K+ is reabsorbed, mostly by paracellular route
proximal tubule
66
how is most K+ reabsorbed in the proximal tubule
mostly by paracellular route
67
how is K+ reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the nephron?
reabsorption by Na+K+2Cl- symporter and paracellular transport
68
K+ is secreted by principal cells of what nephron structures?
late distal tubule and collecting duct
69
what determines K+ secretion or reabsorption in the late distal tubule, and collecting duct?
``` depends on: - ATPase activity - K+ gradient and/or - apical K+ permeability ```
70
what 2 factors affect excretion of potassium?
1) plasma concentrations of K+ | 2) flow rate of tubular fluid
71
how do plasma potassium concentrations affect excretion?
- increased K+ stimulates aldosterone release | - aldosterone increases Na+ K+ ATPases in principal cells
72
how does the flow rate of tubular fluid affect the excretion of potassium?
increased flow rate increases K+ secretion | local response to bending cilium
73
increased _____ reabsorption will favor K+ secretion
Na+
74
which nephron segments will reabsorb potassium (K+) when plasma concentrations are low?
distal tubule cortical collecting duct
75
if plasma concentrations of potassium are high, which structures will begin increasing secretion of potassium?
distal tubule cortical collecting duct

physio- exam 3 (9 decks)

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