Respiration, Gas Exchange and Transport Flashcards
What does respiration produce?
ATP in living organisms
What does ATP provide?
Energy for cells
What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic: Uses oxygen No alcohol or lactic acid made Large amount of energy released CO2 always made
Anaerobic: Doesn't use oxygen Alcoholic or lactic acid made Small amount of energy released CO2 made sometimes
What are the similarities of aerobic or anaerobic respiration?
Energy released by breakdown of glucose
ATP made
Some energy lost through heat
State the balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration in plants and animals
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O (+energy released)
What is the role of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm in ventilation?
The diaphragm contracts (tightens) and moves downward. This increases the space in your chest cavity, into which your lungs expand.
The intercostal muscles between your ribs also help enlarge the chest cavity.
They contract to pull your rib cage both upward and outward when you inhale
How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange by diffusion between air in the lungs and the circulatory system
Walls one cell thick - flattened cells short diffusion distance
Alveoli folded - large surface area for diffusion
Millions in each lungs - this gives a very large surface area
Each alveolus is surrounded by blood capillaries for efficient gas exchange
The walls of the capillaries are only one cell thick - short diffusion distance
Alveoli have moist lining - gases dissolve in this moist layer for faster diffusion
What are the biological consequences of smoking in relation to the lungs and the circulatory system including coronary heart disease?
Chemicals - in the smoke damage cilia therefore mucus and bacteria remain in the lungs - causing infections such as bronchitis
Emphysema - damage to alveoli, reducing surface area for gas exchange
Carbon monoxide - combines with haemoglobin, less oxygen in blood which can increase heart rate
Nicotine - increases heart rate and risk of blood clots
Why can simple unicellular organisms rely on diffusion for movement of substances in and out of the cell?
They don’t need a circulatory system - there is a short diffusion distance for substances to move in and out
The surface area to volume ratio is bigger so there is lots of area for diffusion
Why do multicellular organisms need a transport system?
As size of organism increases surface area to volume ratio increases
Less area for diffusion
Not fast enough to meet cells requirements
So cannot rely on diffusion alone to transport food, oxygen and remove waste products
How does the heart rate change during exercise and under the influence of adrenaline?
During exercise muscles require more energy which is created by respiration
more oxygen to be brought to cells
more carbon dioxide to be taken away
heart needs to increase its speed so that more blood is sent to muscles.
Adrenaline - stimulates the heart which increase the rate that your heart cells work at.
What increases the risk of coronary heart disease and why?
Smoking- carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin, less oxygen in blood, increases heart rate
Nicotine - makes platelets stickier, increases heart rate and risk of blood clots
Lack of exercise and Obesity - linked with obesity which increases demand on heart to pump blood all around the body
High blood pressure - increases risk of damage to artery walls and to capillaries (causing strokes)
Describe the structure of arteries
Lining - one cell thick
Thick middle layer - muscle and elastic fibres
Outer layer - tough fibres
Describe what arteries do
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart no valves Thick layer of muscle Narrow space inside Blood flows at high pressure
Describe the structure of capillaries
wall is one cell thick
Describe what capillaries do
Connect arteries and veins
Carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
No valves
Walls are one cell thick
Tiny vessels in close contact to cells
Low blood pressure and slow speed to allow exchange of materials
Describe the structure of veins
Lining - one layer of cells
Thin middle layer - muscle and elastic fibres
Outer layer - tough fibres
Describe what veins do
Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart Have valves to stop backflow of blood Thin layer of muscle Wide space inside Blood flows at low pressure
Name the blood vessels to and from the heart and lungs
Heart to lungs - Pulmonary artery
Lungs to heart - Pulmonary vein
Heart to body - Aorta
Body to heart - Vena Cavae
Name the blood vessels to and from the liver
To liver - Hepatic artery
From liver - Hepatic vein
Name the blood vessels to and from the kidneys
To kidneys - Renal artery
From kidneys - Renal vein
What is the composition of blood?
Cells and liquid:
50% blood cells
50% plasma
Describe red blood cells
Doughnut shaped red cells with no nucleus
Made in bone marrow
No nucleus
Function - to carry oxygen around the body
What adaptations of red blood cells make them suitable for the transport of oxygen?
Their biconcave disc shape that gives a larger surface area to absorb O2
Flattened so short diffusion distance for O2
No nucleus
Haemoglobin - large protein containing iron - combines with oxygen to make oxyhaemoglobin
