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applied physiology > respiration during exercise- week 7 > Flashcards

respiration during exercise- week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary purpose of the respiratory system ?

A

to maintain arterial blood-gas homeostasis

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2
Q

how is arterial blood gas homeostasis accomplished ? (4-step process)

A

pulmonary ventilation

alveolar gas exchange

gas transport

systemic gas exchange

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3
Q

what is the epiglottis ?

A

separates upper and lower respiratory tracts

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4
Q

the lungs are enclosed within membranes called …

A

pleura

parietal pleura - outside membrane

visceral pleura - directly covers lungs

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5
Q

what is the pleural cavity ?

A

space and fluid in-between pleura membranes

reduces friction when lungs move

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6
Q

what prevents the alveoli form collapsing ?

A

intrapleural pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

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7
Q

what pets of the airways is part of the conducting zone ?

A

trachea, bronchi and the bronchioles

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8
Q

what parts of the airway is part of the respiratory zone ?

A

bronchioles and the alveoli

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9
Q

what occurs in the respiratory zone ?

A

gas exchange

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10
Q

where does pulmonary gas exchange take place?

A

across pulmonary capillary

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11
Q

what are the types of alveolar calls (pneumocytes) ? (2)

A

type 1 - 95% of internal surface

type 2 - release surfactant that lowers surface tension

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12
Q

what is the volume of gas passing though a sheet dependent on ?? (4)

A

surface area

thickness

diffusion coefficient

pressure gradient

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13
Q

what is ficks law of diffusion ?

A

volume of gas proportional to ( surface area/thickness) x diffusion x pressure gradient

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14
Q

mechanics of breathing is caused by changes in ….

A

pressure - contraction force

flow - contraction velocity

volume - contraction length

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15
Q

wha is the bucket handle motion ?

A

increased transverse(lateral) diameter of thorax during inspiration

sides go in and out

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16
Q

what is the pump handle motion?

A

increased anteroposterior diameter of thorax during inspiration

front moves forward and back

17
Q

at rest diaphragm contraction is responsible for what ?

what does this mean for expiration ?

A

majority of pulmonary ventilation

expiration is passive

18
Q

what muscles is the diaphragm assisted by during exercise (pulmonary ventilation)?

A

external intercostals

scalenes

sternocleidomastoid

19
Q

what muscles is the diaphragm assisted by during exercise (expiration)?

A

rectus abdominis

internal intercostals

external obliques

20
Q

what does long endurance exercise lead to ?

A

fatigue in respiratory muscles

de line in muscle pressure

21
Q

what is ohm’s law?

A

current= voltage(change in pressure)/resistance

airflow dependent on pressure gradient and airway resistance

22
Q

what is poiseuille’s law?

A

resistance dependent on length and radius of a tube

radius raised to 4th power
- major determinant of airway resistance

23
Q

what can be seen when someone with COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) expires/inspires air compared to normal lungs ? (3)

A

someone with COPD has increased airway resistance

people w COPD struggle to expire air as quick as normal

breath higher lung volumes with COPD and need to increase lung pressure to breathe

24
Q

what are the 3 phases of ventilatory response to constant loads steady-state exercise?

A

phase 1: immediate increase in minute ventilation

phase 2: exponential increase increase in ventilation
- increase in PCO2 too

phase 3: plateau - steady state

25
Q

what is hyperpnoea ?

A

PaCO2 regulation due to proportional changes in alveolar ventilation and metabolic rate

26
Q

ventilation increases linearly with exercise intensity until a point which is known as…

A

ventilatory threshold (Tvent)

27
Q

after Tvent, ventilation increases leading to…

A

hyperventilation

decrease PaCO2

28
Q

what is exercise-induced arterial hyperaemia (EIAH) and who does it occur in ?

A

reduction in PaO2 of ≥ 10 mmHg from rest

in highly trained males - high intensity exercise

in all females regardless of fitness and intensity

29
Q

why was EIAH originally theorised to occur ?

A

ventilatory demand exceeds capacity

demand vs capacity theory

30
Q

what are the causes of EIAH believed to be due to ?

A

diffusion limitation - increased CO2, too high blood flow doesn’t allow effective diffusion in red blood cells

V/Q mismatch - air breathed in has to be matched be blood CO. more perfusion than air in lungs

relative hypoventilation - can’t increase ventilation efficiently if don’t increase breathing enough causing hyperventilation

31
Q

how do you measure mechanical work of breathing ? (2)

A

oesophageal pressure

calculates mechanical work of breathing during exercise

32
Q

what are the 3 groups of neutrons that control breathing ?

A

ventral respiratory group (inspiratory/expiratory)

Dorsal respiratory (inspiratory)

pontine respiratory group (modulatory)

33
Q

What is Dalton’s law ?

A

Total pressure of gas mixture is equal to sum of pressure that each gas would exert independently

34
Q

What is the equation for partial pressure ?

A

Pgas= fraction of gas in air (Fgas) x barometric pressure (Pbar)

35
Q

What is partial pressure for O2 and CO2?

A

O2 = 159mmHg

CO2 = 0.3 mmHg

36
Q

What happens when oxygenated air mixes with deoxygenated air ?

A

Causes some impairment
Arterial PO2 (100) is less than Alveolar PO2 (105)

37
Q

What are the differences between systemic and pulmonary circulation in terms of pressure and resistance ?

A

Pulmonary - low pressure low resistance
(Pulmonary artery pressure15mmHg)

Systemic arterial pressure 100 mmHg
High pressure high resistance

38
Q

Why is pulmonary circuit have low pressure and resistance ?

A

Thin walled and little smooth muscle

No need for redistribution of blood flow so low resistance

39
Q

Explain the ventilation perfusion relationship

A

Gas exchange requires matching ventilation to blood flow

Underperfused - (apex of lung) more air than blood

Overperfused- (base of lung) more blood than air

Blood flow increases disproportionally due to gravity

applied physiology (22 decks)

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