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applied physiology > homeostasis, adaptation and fitness testing- week 1 > Flashcards

homeostasis, adaptation and fitness testing- week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

fundamental principle of body function

maintenance of constant and normal internal environment

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2
Q

what is steady state?

A

balance between demands placed on the body and the body’s responses to those demands

e.g. HR, body temp

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3
Q

explain changes in arterial blood pressure at rest ? (3)

A

arterial BP oscillates

BP mean stays constant

stretch receptors in the aorta signal to brain to change BP depending on the stretch

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4
Q

what is an example of steady state ?

A

core body temperature

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5
Q

what are the intracellular control systems ?

A

protein breakdown

energy production

maintenance of stored nutrients

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6
Q

why is a biological control system ?

A

series of interconnected components that maintain a physical or chemical parameter at a near constant value

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7
Q

what are the components of biological control systems ? (3)

A

sensor receptor

control centre

effector

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8
Q

where is the control centre usually located ?

A

brainstem

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9
Q

what is role of sensor/receptor?

A

detects change in environment

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10
Q

what is role of control centre ?

A

assesses input and initiates response

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11
Q

what is role of effector ?

A

changes internal environment back to normal

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12
Q

what type of feedback reverses initial disturbance in homeostasis ?

A

negative

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13
Q

what type of feedback increases the original stimulus ?

A

positive feedback

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14
Q

give example of negative feedback in homeostasis (5)

A

control of CO2 concentration in extracellular fluid

  • detects increase in CO2
  • sends info to respiratory control centre
  • respiratory muscles activated to increase breathing
  • CO2 concentration returns to normal
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15
Q

give example of positive feedback in homeostasis

A

childbirth stimulates receptors in cervix

sends message to brain to release oxytocin from pituitary gland

oxytocin promotes increase uterine contractions

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16
Q

what is gain (sensitivity of response)?

A

the degree to which control system maintains homeostasis

17
Q

how does exercise change homeostatic control ?

A

changes pH, PCO2 and temperature in cells

if unable to maintain steady state = fatigue

18
Q

what is adaptation in relation to homeostasis?

A

improved ability to maintain homeostasis

change in structure and function pf cells/organ

19
Q

what is acclimation ?

A

adaptation to environmental stresses

e.g. heat or hypoxic stress

20
Q

what is hormesis?

A

low to moderate dose of stress can result in a beneficial adaptive response on the cell/organ system

regular exercise is required to adapt

21
Q

what is intracrine signalling?

A

chemical messengers (CM) triggers response

22
Q

what is juxtacrine signalling ?

A

CM passed between 2 connected cells

23
Q

what is autocrine signalling ?

A

CM acts on the same cell

24
Q

hat is paracrine signalling ?

A

CM acts on nearby cells

25
Q

what is endocrine signalling ?

A

CMs (hormones) related into blood

26
Q

what is a reflex arc ? (3)

A

when receptors detect change in the conditions of the body

send afferent info to the brain

efferent info is sent from brain centre to nullify the variation

27
Q

how is temperature controlled in homeostasis ? (5)

A

temperature is at set point

thermoreceptors send afferent info to hypothalamic brain centre

this detects change in temp

effector response sent to tissues and organs

skin blood vessels, sweat glands and skeletal muscle responds

28
Q

give examples of how negative feedback is used in homeostasis

A

control of body temp

control of BP

resting HR

29
Q

give an example on how positive feedback is sued in homeostasis

A

blood clotting after we cut ourself

30
Q

what is meant by feed forward ?

A

physiological responses in anticipation of a change in variable

31
Q

what is meant by VO2 max ?

A

maximal rate of O2 consumed

32
Q

if a person has a high VO2 max ….

A

the greater the ability to sustain work st high intensity fo rlong time

33
Q

what is the primary indicator that someone hit their VO2 max ?

A

plateau in O2 consumption even when work rate increase

34
Q

what are secondary indicators that show VO2 max ? (4)

A

reached age predicted HR

blood lactate 8mmol/L or higher

RER - respiratory exchange ratio of 1.15 or higher

35
Q

what is anaerobic capacity ?

A

ability to produce, tolerate and sustain maximal/supramaximal work rates through anaerobic energy production

applied physiology (22 decks)

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