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Exercise Physiology > Respiration During Exercise Part 2 W7 > Flashcards

Respiration During Exercise Part 2 W7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 phases that the ventilatory response to constant load steady-sate exercise occurs?

A

Phase 1: Immediate increase in VE

Phase 2: Exponential increase in VE

Phase 3: Plaetau

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2
Q

What is hyperpnoea?

A

Defined as PaCO2 regulation due to proportional changes in alveolar ventilation (VA) and metabolic rate (VCO2)

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3
Q

What is the ventilatory threshold (Tvent)?

A

50-75% peak workload (VO2peak)
Lactate/anaerobic threshold

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4
Q

What is ventilation relationship with exercise intensity/workload?

A

Linear Increase

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5
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

Decrease PaCO2

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6
Q

What is PaCO2?

A

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide

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7
Q

What happens to ventilation after reaching the ventilatory threshold?

A

It increases exponentially= hyperventilation

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7
Q

What is EIAH?

A

Exercise-induced arterial hypoxaemia

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8
Q

What is EIAH defined?

A

A reduction in Pa02 of >10mmHg from rest

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9
Q

What individuals experience EIAH?

A

Highly trained males during heavy exercise (50%)

Majority of females regardless of fitness or exercise intensity

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10
Q

What are the causes of exercise-induced arterial hypoxaemia?

A

1) Diffusion Limitation
2) V/Q mismatch
3) Relative hypoventilation

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11
Q

What is VT?

A

Tidal Volume

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12
Q

At the onset of exercise, how are changes in VE largely achieved?

A

Increasing tidal volume

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13
Q

What percentage does tidal volume not exceed vital capacity?

A

60%

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14
Q

What factors are well maintained when looking at breathing patterns until heavy exercise?

A

Arterial PO2, PCO2 and pH

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15
Q

What happens to VT and VE during heavy exercise?

A

VT= Plateaus

VE= Further increases due to increased feedback

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15
Q

How do we work out work in breathing?

A

Work=Pressure x Volume

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16
Q

What is work within breathing?

A

The sum of elastic, flow-resistive and inertial forces

17
Q

What values can respiratory muscle work exceed?

A

500J/min
500mL O2/min

18
Q

What is Oesophageal Pressure?

A

An estimate of pleural pressure and can be used to calculate the mechanical work of breathing during exercise

19
Q

What is Poes?

A

Oesophageal pressure

20
Q

What are the 3 main group of neurons?

A

Ventral respiratory group (inspiratory and expiratory)

Dorsal respiratory group (inspiratory)

Pontine respiratory group (modulatory)

21
Q

What is the central controller of ventilation?

A

Brain stem (medulla and pons)

22
Q

What are the motor outputs of control of ventilation?

A

Resistance muscles (cricoarytenoid)

Pump muscles (diaphragm)

23
Q

What are the feedback inputs of the control of ventilation?

A

Peripheral/Central Chemoreceptors

Muscle afferents (peripheral neurogenic)
VO2 flow (peripheral neurogenic)

24
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

The aortic arch and carotid body

25
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors do?

A

Detect changes in PO2 of blood perfusing systemic and cerebral circulation

26
Q

What does a decrease in PaO2 result in?

A

Increase in VE

27
Q

What stimuli activate peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

Temperature
Adrenaline
CO2
Changes to PaO2 and VE

28
Q

Where does peripheral chemoreceptors relay sensory information to?

A

Medulla (NTS) via vagus (CN X) and glossopharyngeal (CN IX) nerves

29
Q

What are central chemoreceptors?

A

PCO2 sensors

30
Q

What are peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

PO2 sensors

31
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

A

Primarily in the ventral surface of the medulla= retrotrapezoid nucleus

32
Q

What is RTN?

A

Retrotrapezoid nucleus

33
Q

What does an increase in PaCO2 result in?

A

Increase in VE

34
Q

What is RTN sensitive too?

A

Changes in PaCO2 and H+

35
Q

What is the ventilatory response like to O2?

A

Curvilinear

36
Q

What is the ventilatory response to CO2 like?

A

Linear

37
Q

What are the chronic training adaptions to endurance training which improves aerobic capacity?

A

Decreased metabolite accumulation

Decreased afferent feedback

Decreased ventilatory drive

38
Q

What is the difference of VE between trained and untrained individuals during submaximal exercise?

A

20-30% lower in trained individuals

39
Q

What are the respiratory structural adaptations to training?

A

NONE

40
Q

What fine tunes exercise during moderate-intensity exercise?

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

41
Q

What are the respiratory functional adaptations to training?

A

Increased:
Ve/VO2
Respiratory muscle strength
Respiratory muscle endurance

42
Q

How may the pulmonary system limit exercise performance? (5)

A

1) Exercise-induced arterial hypoxaemia (EIAH)
2) Exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO)
3) Expiratory flow limitation
4) Respiratory muscle fatigue
5) Intrathoracic pressure effects on cardiac output

Exercise Physiology (24 decks)

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