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Exercise Physiology > Bioenergetics and Metabolism W2 > Flashcards

Bioenergetics and Metabolism W2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

Flow and exchange of energy within a living system
Conversion of food into usable energy for cell work
“Chemical to Mechanical”

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2
Q

What is the cell membrane (sarcolemma)?

A

Semipermeable membrane that separates the cell from the extracellular environment

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3
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Contains genes that regulate protein synthesis

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4
Q

What is the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)?

A

Fluid portion of cell
Contains organelles

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5
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

Location of oxidative phosphorylation

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6
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

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7
Q

What is an anabolic reaction?

A

Synthesis of molecules

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8
Q

What is an catabolic reaction?

A

Breakdown of molecules

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9
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

It requires energy to be added to the reactants

Glycogen Formation

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10
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

Releases energy

ATP hydrolysis

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11
Q

What is a coupled reaction?

A

Liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction

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12
Q

What is reduction?

A

Addition of an electron

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13
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Removing an electron

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14
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that lower the energy of activation and accelerate chemical reaction
Increases rate of product formation

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15
Q

What is a kinase?

A

Add a phosphate group

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16
Q

What is a dehydrogenase?

A

Remove hydrogen atoms

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17
Q

What is a oxidase?

A

Catalyse oxidation-reduction reactions involving oxygen

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18
Q

What is a isomerase?

A

Rearrangement of the structure of molecules

19
Q

What is the anaerobic pathway?

A

Does not involve oxygen
Phosphocreatine breakdown and glycolysis

20
Q

What is the aerobic pathway?

A

Requires oxygen
Oxidative phosphorylation
Dependent on respiratory and cardiovascular systems to deliver adequate O2

21
Q

What is glycogen phosphorylated by in glycolysis?

A

Inorganic phosphate

22
Q

What is needed for chemical reactions in glycolysis to continue?

A

Adequate amounts of NAD+ must be available to accept H+

23
Q

How is NAD+ rapidly reformed from NADH?
(2 ways)

A

1) Sufficient O2= H+ can be shuttled into mitochondria for ATP generation (aerobic)

2) Absence of O2= Pyruvate accepts hydrogens to from lactate (anaerobic) (lactate dehydrogenase)

24
Q

What does the citric acid cycle do?

A

Completes oxidation of acetyl-CoA to provide electrons for the electron transport chain

25
Q

What does the electron transport chain do?

A

Energy obtained from electron transport is used to produce ATP at the end of the electron transport chain

26
Q

What are rate limiting enzymes?

A

1) Are found early in a metabolic pathway
2) Activity is regulated by modulators

27
Q

What is the resting O2 consumption?

A

0.25 L.min

28
Q

What is oxygen deficit?

A

Discrepancy between initial demand/ ATP production and oxygen consumption

29
Q

Why do endurance trained individuals have a lower O2 deficit than untrained?

A

They have developed bioenergetic capacity
They have increased mitochondrial volume in muscle fibres

30
Q

What does greater aerobic bioenergetic capacity do?

A

It has greater regional bloody flow to active muscle
It has increased cellular adaptation and efficiency

31
Q

What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed,, only transformed from 1 form to another

32
Q

What is the rate limiting-enzyme of the ATP-PC system?

A

Creatine kinase

32
Q

What is the rate limiting-enzyme of glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase

33
Q

What is the rate limiting-enzyme of the citric acid cycle?

A

Isocitrate dehyrdrogenase

34
Q

What is the rate limiting-enzyme of the electron transport chain?

A

Cytochrome oxidase

35
Q

What inhibits the ATP-PC system?

A

ATP

36
Q

What inhibits glycolysis?

A

ATP
CP
Citrate
pH

37
Q

What inhibits the citric acid cycle?

A

ATP
NADH

38
Q

What inhibits the electron transport chain?

A

ATP

39
Q

What is EPOC?

A

Excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
Reflects that only around 20% elevated O2 consumption used to repay O2 deficit

40
Q

What is magnitude and duration of EPOC influenced by?

A

The intensity of exercise

41
Q

What does the rapid portion of EPOC cause?

A

Re-synthesis of stored in muscle (completely recovered in 60-120s)
Replenishing muscle (myoglobin) and blood (hemoglobin) O2 stores

42
Q

What does the slow portion of EPOC cause?

A

Elevated heart rate and breathing increase O2 demand
Elevated body temperature= increased metabolic rate
Elevated blood levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine= increases metabolic rate
Conversion of lactic acid to glucose

43
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

The biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbon products

Exercise Physiology (24 decks)

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