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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Respiration and Ventilation > Flashcards

Respiration and Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

What do Cells need energy for? (4 points)

A

Maintenance
Growth
Defense
Division

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2
Q

How is energy obtained by cells?

A

Through aerobic mechanisms, using Oxygen to produce Carbon Dioxide

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3
Q

How is Oxygen obtained?

A

From air by diffusion across alveoli
Air carried by cardiovascular system

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4
Q

5 Functions of Respiratory System

A

Gas Exchange
Movement of Air
Protects Respiratory Surfaces
Produces Sound
Olfactory Sense

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5
Q

Passageway Function

A

Carries air to/from exchange surfaces in lungs

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6
Q

Conducting Portion Definition

A

Pathway between Nasal Cavity to terminal bronchioles

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7
Q

Respiratory Portion Definition

A

Region of Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

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8
Q

4 Parts of the Upper Respiratory System

A

Nose
Nasal Cavity
Sinuses
Pharynx

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9
Q

5 Parts of the Lower Respiratory System

A

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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10
Q

Structure of Lungs

A

Network of branched passageways
Allows for more gas exchange

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11
Q

Number of branches in lungs

A

23

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12
Q

Dichotomous Pattern Definition

A

Airways giving rise to 2 daughter airways

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13
Q

Distribution of Alveoli

A

Appear as buds in bronchiole wall from branch 17
Whole airway is alveoli from branch 20

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14
Q

Number of Lobes in Lungs

A

Left = 3
Right = 2

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15
Q

Lobes in Left Lung

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior

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16
Q

Lobes in Right Lung

A

Superior
Inferior

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17
Q

Fissures in Lungs

A

Left - Horizontal/Oblique
Right - Oblique

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18
Q

2 Layers of Respiratory Mucosa

A

Epithelial - Ciliated Epithelial Cells
Areolar

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19
Q

Function of Respiratory Mucosa

A

Lines conducting portion of respiratory system

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20
Q

Lamina Propria Definition

A

Layer underlining the Respiratory Mucosa

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21
Q

Structure of Lamina Propria

A

Upper - contains mucous glands
Lower - Contains Smooth Muscle

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22
Q

Mucous Cilia Escalator Definition Function

A

Layers of Ciliated Epithelial Cells that push mucous upwards to the pharynx

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23
Q

Entry of Air into Respiratory System

A

Through nostrils/external nares into Nasal vestibule

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24
Q

3 Parts of the Pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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25
Q

3 Nasal Conchae

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior

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26
Q

Definition and Function of Nasal Conchae

A

Bony Projections in the Nasal Cavity that form the Nasal Meatuses

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27
Q

Function of Nasal Meatuses

A

Brings air to core temperature and humidity of respiratory tract

28
Q

2 Palates

A

Hard
Soft

29
Q

Structure and Function of Hard Palate

A

Forms floor of nasal cavity
Separates Nasal and Oral Cavities

30
Q

Structure and Function of Soft Palate

A

Extends posterior to hard palate
Divides superior nasopharynx from lower pharynx

31
Q

Pharynx Definition

A

Chamber shared by respiratory and digestive systems
Extending from internal nares to entrances to larynx and esophagus

32
Q

Larynx Definition

A

Cartilaginous Structure surrounding the glottis

33
Q

Larynx Function

A

Produces sound and vibrations

34
Q

Glottis Definition

A

Channel that air passes through to produce sound

35
Q

Sound Production ( 3 points)

A

Air passes through glottis
Vibrates the vocal folds
Produces sound waves

36
Q

Sound Variation (2 points)

A

Tension on vocal chords
Voluntary Muscles move

37
Q

Phonation Definition

A

Sound Production at the larynx

38
Q

Articulation Definition

A

Modification of Sound by other structures

39
Q

Trachea Diameter

A

~2.5cm

40
Q

6 Parts of the Trachea (from cross-sectional view)

A

Thyroid Gland
Tracheal Cartilage
Esophagus
Lumen
Trachealis Muscle
Respiratory Epithelium

41
Q

Number of tracheal cartilage on Trachea

A

15-20

42
Q

Function of Tracheal Cartilage

A

Strengthening the Trachea whilst maintaining flexibility

43
Q

Structure of Tracheal Cartilage

A

Spaces in between to allow for flexibility
C shaped allows for space for food in esophagus

44
Q

Function of Trachealis Muscle

A

Muscle Contracts to constrict trachea
Contraction pulls the Cartilage
Increases air pressure in Trachea
Expel air out of the trachea if blocked

45
Q

Carina Definition

A

Internal Ridge separating primary bronchi

46
Q

Differences between left and right primary bronchi

A

Right has larger diameter and descends at steeper angle than left

47
Q

Pathway of primary bronchus

A

Travels to a groove (hilun) along the medial surface of the lungs

48
Q

Bronchial Tree Definition

A

Structure formed by Primary Bronchi and associated branches

49
Q

2 Types of Bronchi

A

Extrapulmonary Bronchi - Branches outside lungs
Intrapulmonary Bronchi - Branches within lungs

50
Q

Number of Bronchopulmonary Segments in Lungs

A

Right = 10
Left = 8-9

51
Q

Bronchi Structure

A

Walls contain progressively less cartilage and more smooth muscle from primary -> tertiary
Increases muscular effects on airway constriction
Tertiary bronchus branches into bronchioles

52
Q

Bronchiole Structure

A

No Cartilage
Smooth muscle controlled by autonomic system
Branches into terminal bronchioles
6500 terminal bronchioles to 1 bronchiole

53
Q

Bronchodilation Definition

A

Expansion of Bronchiole Layers
Caused by Sympathetic ANS

54
Q

Bronchoconstriction Definition

A

Constriction of Bronchiole Layers
Caused by Parasympathetic ANS

55
Q

Alveoli Definition

A

Air filled pockets in lungs where gas exchange takes place

56
Q

External Respiration Definition

A

Processes involved in exchanging O2 and CO2 with the environment

57
Q

External Respiration Processes

A

Pulmonary Ventilation
Gas Diffusion
Storage/Transport of O2/CO2

58
Q

Internal Respiration Definition

A

Uptake of O2 and Production of CO2 within individual cells

59
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation Definition

A

Physical Movement of air in and out of the respiratory tract
Provides alveolar ventilation

60
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Gas Pressure is inversely proportional to volume
P = 1/V

60
Q

Air Pressure at different states of respiration

A

At Rest: outside = inside
Inhalation: outside > inside
Exhalation: outside < inside

61
Q

Mechanism of Inspiration

A

Diaphragm moves downwards
External Intercostal Muscles move ribs up and out
Thoracic Cavity Volume increased

62
Q

Mechanism of Expiration

A

Diaphragm moves upwards
External Intercostal Muscles move ribs down and in
Thoracic Cavity Volume decreases

63
Q

Surface Tension in Breathing

A

Surfactant lines alveoli wall
Attractive forces between adjacent molecules of liquid stronger than forces between liquid and gas
Contributes to passive recoil force to stabilize alveoli

64
Q

Quiet Breathing (Eupnea)

A

Active inhalation/Passive Exhalation
Diaphragmatic breathing (dominated by diaphragm
Costal breathing (dominated by ribcage)

65
Q

Force Breathing (Hypernea)

A

Active Inhalation and Exhalation
Assisted by Accessory Muscles
Maximum Levels occur in exhaustion

66
Q
A

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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