Respiration and Ventilation Flashcards
What do Cells need energy for? (4 points)
Maintenance
Growth
Defense
Division
How is energy obtained by cells?
Through aerobic mechanisms, using Oxygen to produce Carbon Dioxide
How is Oxygen obtained?
From air by diffusion across alveoli
Air carried by cardiovascular system
5 Functions of Respiratory System
Gas Exchange
Movement of Air
Protects Respiratory Surfaces
Produces Sound
Olfactory Sense
Passageway Function
Carries air to/from exchange surfaces in lungs
Conducting Portion Definition
Pathway between Nasal Cavity to terminal bronchioles
Respiratory Portion Definition
Region of Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
4 Parts of the Upper Respiratory System
Nose
Nasal Cavity
Sinuses
Pharynx
5 Parts of the Lower Respiratory System
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Structure of Lungs
Network of branched passageways
Allows for more gas exchange
Number of branches in lungs
23
Dichotomous Pattern Definition
Airways giving rise to 2 daughter airways
Distribution of Alveoli
Appear as buds in bronchiole wall from branch 17
Whole airway is alveoli from branch 20
Number of Lobes in Lungs
Left = 3
Right = 2
Lobes in Left Lung
Superior
Middle
Inferior
Lobes in Right Lung
Superior
Inferior
Fissures in Lungs
Left - Horizontal/Oblique
Right - Oblique
2 Layers of Respiratory Mucosa
Epithelial - Ciliated Epithelial Cells
Areolar
Function of Respiratory Mucosa
Lines conducting portion of respiratory system
Lamina Propria Definition
Layer underlining the Respiratory Mucosa
Structure of Lamina Propria
Upper - contains mucous glands
Lower - Contains Smooth Muscle
Mucous Cilia Escalator Definition Function
Layers of Ciliated Epithelial Cells that push mucous upwards to the pharynx
Entry of Air into Respiratory System
Through nostrils/external nares into Nasal vestibule
3 Parts of the Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
3 Nasal Conchae
Superior
Middle
Inferior
Definition and Function of Nasal Conchae
Bony Projections in the Nasal Cavity that form the Nasal Meatuses
Function of Nasal Meatuses
Brings air to core temperature and humidity of respiratory tract
2 Palates
Hard
Soft
Structure and Function of Hard Palate
Forms floor of nasal cavity
Separates Nasal and Oral Cavities
Structure and Function of Soft Palate
Extends posterior to hard palate
Divides superior nasopharynx from lower pharynx
Pharynx Definition
Chamber shared by respiratory and digestive systems
Extending from internal nares to entrances to larynx and esophagus
Larynx Definition
Cartilaginous Structure surrounding the glottis
Larynx Function
Produces sound and vibrations
Glottis Definition
Channel that air passes through to produce sound
Sound Production ( 3 points)
Air passes through glottis
Vibrates the vocal folds
Produces sound waves
Sound Variation (2 points)
Tension on vocal chords
Voluntary Muscles move
Phonation Definition
Sound Production at the larynx
Articulation Definition
Modification of Sound by other structures
Trachea Diameter
~2.5cm
6 Parts of the Trachea (from cross-sectional view)
Thyroid Gland
Tracheal Cartilage
Esophagus
Lumen
Trachealis Muscle
Respiratory Epithelium
Number of tracheal cartilage on Trachea
15-20
Function of Tracheal Cartilage
Strengthening the Trachea whilst maintaining flexibility
Structure of Tracheal Cartilage
Spaces in between to allow for flexibility
C shaped allows for space for food in esophagus
Function of Trachealis Muscle
Muscle Contracts to constrict trachea
Contraction pulls the Cartilage
Increases air pressure in Trachea
Expel air out of the trachea if blocked
Carina Definition
Internal Ridge separating primary bronchi
Differences between left and right primary bronchi
Right has larger diameter and descends at steeper angle than left
Pathway of primary bronchus
Travels to a groove (hilun) along the medial surface of the lungs
Bronchial Tree Definition
Structure formed by Primary Bronchi and associated branches
2 Types of Bronchi
Extrapulmonary Bronchi - Branches outside lungs
Intrapulmonary Bronchi - Branches within lungs
Number of Bronchopulmonary Segments in Lungs
Right = 10
Left = 8-9
Bronchi Structure
Walls contain progressively less cartilage and more smooth muscle from primary -> tertiary
Increases muscular effects on airway constriction
Tertiary bronchus branches into bronchioles
Bronchiole Structure
No Cartilage
Smooth muscle controlled by autonomic system
Branches into terminal bronchioles
6500 terminal bronchioles to 1 bronchiole
Bronchodilation Definition
Expansion of Bronchiole Layers
Caused by Sympathetic ANS
Bronchoconstriction Definition
Constriction of Bronchiole Layers
Caused by Parasympathetic ANS
Alveoli Definition
Air filled pockets in lungs where gas exchange takes place
External Respiration Definition
Processes involved in exchanging O2 and CO2 with the environment
External Respiration Processes
Pulmonary Ventilation
Gas Diffusion
Storage/Transport of O2/CO2
Internal Respiration Definition
Uptake of O2 and Production of CO2 within individual cells
Pulmonary Ventilation Definition
Physical Movement of air in and out of the respiratory tract
Provides alveolar ventilation
Boyle’s Law
Gas Pressure is inversely proportional to volume
P = 1/V
Air Pressure at different states of respiration
At Rest: outside = inside
Inhalation: outside > inside
Exhalation: outside < inside
Mechanism of Inspiration
Diaphragm moves downwards
External Intercostal Muscles move ribs up and out
Thoracic Cavity Volume increased
Mechanism of Expiration
Diaphragm moves upwards
External Intercostal Muscles move ribs down and in
Thoracic Cavity Volume decreases
Surface Tension in Breathing
Surfactant lines alveoli wall
Attractive forces between adjacent molecules of liquid stronger than forces between liquid and gas
Contributes to passive recoil force to stabilize alveoli
Quiet Breathing (Eupnea)
Active inhalation/Passive Exhalation
Diaphragmatic breathing (dominated by diaphragm
Costal breathing (dominated by ribcage)
Force Breathing (Hypernea)
Active Inhalation and Exhalation
Assisted by Accessory Muscles
Maximum Levels occur in exhaustion
