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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Pathogens

A

Viruses
Fungi
Bacteria
Parasites

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2
Q

4 Parts of Lymphatic System

A

Lymph
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphoid Organs
Lymphocytes/Phagocytes

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3
Q

3 Functions of Lymphatic System

A

Produce/Maintain/Distribute Lymphocytes
Return of fluid and solutes from peripheral tissues to blood
Distribution of hormones, nutrients and waste products from tissue to circulation

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4
Q

3 Sites of lymphocytes production

A

Lymphoid Tissues (e.g. Tonsils)
Lymphoid Organs (e.g. Spleen)
Red Bone Marrow

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5
Q

Features of Lymphatic Vessel/Capillary formation

A

Lymphatic Capillaries are located between cells
Capillaries merge to form vessels

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6
Q

3 Differences between lymphatic/blood capillaries

A

Lymphatic Capillaries start as blind pockets instead of tubes
Large Diameter
Thinner Walls
Flat or irregular in sections

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7
Q

Pathway of Lympth through structures

A

Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymph trunks, lymph ducts

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8
Q

5 Important Lymph Trunks

A

Lumbar
Intestinal
Bronchomediastinal
Subclavian
Jugular

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9
Q

Lymph trunk Definition

A

Collection of Lymph Vessels carrying Lymph

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10
Q

Lymph Duct Definition

A

Structure used to empty lymph into venous system

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11
Q

2 Lypmh Ducts

A

Thoracic Duct
Right Lymphatic Duct

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12
Q

3 Types of Lymphocytes

A

T Cells
B Cells
NK Cells (Natural Killer)

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13
Q

Derivation Origins of Lymphocytes

A

T Cells - Thymus-dependend
B Cells - bone marrow-derived
NK Cells - bone marrow-derived

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14
Q

Production and Distribution of T Cells (Location, Function)

A

Hemocytoblasts in Red Bone Marrow form Lymphoid Stem Cell
Lymphoid Stem Cells migrate to thymus
T Cells producted when stem cells in the presence of Thymic Hormones
Distributed to Peripheral Tissue for Cell-Mediated Immunity

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15
Q

Production and DIstribution of B Cells (Location, Function)

A

Hemocytoblasts in Red Bone Marrow form Lymphoid Stem Cell
Lumphoid Stem Cells differentiate into B Cells via Interleukin-7
Distributed to Peripheral Tissue for Antibody-Mediated Immunity

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16
Q

Production and Distribution of NK Cells (Location, Function)

A

Hemocytoblasts in Red Bone Marrow form Lymphoid Stem Cell
Differentiate into NK Cells
Distributed to Peripheral Tissues for Immunological Surveillance

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17
Q

Primary Lymphatic Organs/Tissues

A

Red Bone Marrow
Thymus

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18
Q

Secondary Lymphatic Organs/Tissues

A

Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Lymphoid Nodules

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19
Q

Structures of a Lymph Node

A

Medulla
Inner Cortex
Outer Cortex
Germinal Centre

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20
Q

Cells in Medulla

A

B Cells
Plasma Cells
Macrophages

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21
Q

Cells in Inner Cortex

A

T Cells
Dendrite Cells

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22
Q

Cells in Outer Cortex

A

B Cells

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23
Q

Cells in Germinal Centre

A

B Cells
Follicular Dendritic Cells
Macrophages

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24
Q

Dendritic Cell Definition

A

Type of antigen-presenting cell

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25
Q

Route of Lymph through Lymph Node (Cell Types at each location)

A

Subscapular Space - Macrophages, Dendritic Cells
Outer Cortex - B Cells
Inner Cortex - T Cells
Medulla - B Cells, Plasma Cells
Efferent Lymphatic Vessels

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26
Q

Lymph Node Definition and Function

A

Small structure used to filter out cancer cells and infections

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27
Q

Lymphoid Nodule Definition and Function

A

Dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages

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28
Q

Location of Lymphoid Nodules (Example)

A

Inbetween Mucous Membrane and underlying connective tissue in digestive system

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29
Q

Difference between lymph organs/lymph nodules

A

Lymph organs separated by fibrous capsule, nodules are not

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30
Q

Flow of Lymph

A

Interstitual Fluid
Lymph Capillaries
Lymph Vessels
Lymph trunks
Lymph Ducts
Subclavan Veins

31
Q

Functions of Lymph Node

A

Filter
Removes Debris, Pathogens, 99% of antigens

32
Q

Lymphadenopathy Definition

A

Chroninc/Excessive Enlargement of Lymph Nodes

33
Q

3 Featuers of Non-Specific Immunity

A

Block/Attack any potential pathogens
Present from birth
No Memory

34
Q

2 Features of Specific Immunity

A

Develops immunity agains specific antigen
Acquired in response to antigens

35
Q

7 Non-Specific Defenses

A

Physical Barriers
Phagocytic Cells
Immunological Surveillance (NK Cells)
Interferons
Complement System
Inflammation
Fever

36
Q

5 Physical Barriers

A

Eyes
Respiratory Tract
Digestive Tract
Skin
Genitourinary Tract

37
Q

Process of Phagocytosis

A

Pathogen engulfed by Antigen-Presenting Cell (APC)
Lysosome action produces antigenic fragments
Antigenic fragments bind to Class II MHC Proteins
Antigenic fragments presented on cell membrane by MHC Proteins

38
Q

2 Classes of Phagocytes

A

Microphages
Macrophages

39
Q

2 Features of Microphages (Examples, Mode of Action)

A

Neutrophils or Eosinophils
Leave the bloodstream to enter peripheral tissue to fight infection

40
Q

3 Features of Macrophages (Examples, Distribution, Mode of Action)

A

Large Phagocytic Cells
Distributed throughout body to make up monocyte-macrophage system
May be fixed or free

41
Q

4 Steps of Immunological Surveillance by NK Cells

A

NK cells recognises and binds to abnormal cell
Golgi Apparatus of NK Cell realigns
Perforin secretion into abnormal cell
Lysis of abnormal cell occurs

42
Q

Interferon Definition and Function

A

Cytokines released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages
Responsible for non-specific response to viral infection

43
Q

3 Types of Interferons (Site of production, function)

A

Alpha - Produced by leukocytes, stimulate NK Cells
Beta - Secreted by Fibrocytes, slow inflammation
Gamma - Secreted by T Cells/NK Cells, Stimulate macrophages

43
Q

Complement System Definition

A

Enhances ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism

44
Q

Effects of Complement System

A

Attracts phagocytes
Enhances phagocytosis
Stimulates inflammation
Destroys target cell membrane

45
Q

6 Process of inflammation in Tissue Repair

A

Increased Blood Flow
Mast Cells release histamine
Neutrophils move to site
Neutrophils remove debris
Clot formation
Activation of fibrinogen

46
Q

Fever Definition

A

Increases in body temperature due to release of pyrogens

47
Q

Pyrogen Definition

A

Material that causes hypothalamus to raise body temperature

48
Q

Effects of Fever

A

Mobilises Defences
Accelerates repair
Inhibits pathogens

49
Q

2 Divisions of Specific Immunity (Cell Type)

A

Cell-Mediated Immunity - T Cells
Antibody-Mediated Immunity - B Cells

50
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity Definition

A

Recognises fragments of antigenic proteins that are processed and presented in a certain way

51
Q

Antibody-Mediated Immunity Definition

A

B Cells recognise and bind to antigens in lymph, interstitial fluid and blood plasma

52
Q

Function and Types of MHC Proteins

A

Used to distinguish self and non-self antigens
Class I (Self presenting)
Class II (Non-self presenting)

53
Q

Exogenous Definition

A

Free living antibody

54
Q

Endogenous Definition

A

Antibody Inside Host Cell

55
Q

Antigen Expression using Class I MHC

A

Viral/Bacterial Infection Occurs
Abnormal Peptides released
Class I MHC proteins incorporate abnormal peptides in Golgi
Vesicle transports MHC/Peptide complex
Abnormal Peptide membrane displayed on membrane

56
Q

3 Types of T Cells (Functions)

A

Cytotoxic - Destroy Virally Infected Cells
Helper - Stimulate T/B Cell Function
Suppressor - Inhibit Function of T/B Cell

57
Q

Clonal Selection Definition

A

Selection of lymphocytes from a population for its antigen specificity during immune response

58
Q

Activation of T Helper Cell

A

Inactive T Helper Cell binds to presented MHC II antigen using CD4 Protein
T Helper Cell becomes active
Undergoes Clonal Selection (Proliferation and Differentiation)
Formation of T Helper Cell Clones (Active/Memory Cells)

59
Q

Activation of Cytotoxic T Cell

A

Inactive cytotoxic T Cell binds to presented MHC I antigen using CD8 Protein
Costimulation by IL-2 from Helper T Cell occurs during binding
Cytotoxic T Cell activates
Undergoes Clonal Selection (Proliferation and Differentiation)
Formation of Cytotoxic T Cell clones (Active/Memory)

60
Q

Two mechanisms of Cytotoxic T Cell activity

A

Granzymes
Granulysin/Perforin

61
Q

Activity of Cytotoxic T Cells through Granzymes

A

Recognition and Attachment
Granzymes secreted by T Cell
Apoptosis occurs by Granzymes
Microbes destroyed by phagocytes

62
Q

Activity of Cytotoxic T Cells through Perforin/Granulysin

A

Recognition and Attachment
Granulysin and Perforin secreted by T Cell
Perforin causes cytolysis
Microbes destroyed by granulysin

63
Q

Antibody Structure

A

2 Binding Sites
2 Heavy Chains linked by Disulfide Bonds
2 Variable segments linked to Heavy Chain via Disulfide Bonds

64
Q

5 Types of Antibodies (Functions, Most Abundant)

A

IgG - Enhances phagocytosis, neutralizing toxins, triggers complement system, immune protection in newborns (80%)
IgA - Localized protection of mucous membranes agains bacteria/viruses
IgM - Agglutination and lysis of microbes
IgD - Surface antigens of B Cells
IgE - Allergic and hypersensitivity reactions

65
Q

Activation of B Cells

A

B Cell binds with Microbe with surface receptor
Costimulation using T Helper Cell occurs during binding
Clonal Selection
Formation of Plasma Cells and Memory B Cells

66
Q

Primary Immune Response (Antibody Levels)

A

IgM released first, followed by IgG antibody
IgM dissipates after 3 weeks, IgG remains in the serum

67
Q

Secondary Immune Respone (Antibody Levels)

A

IgG and IgM released at same time
IgG concentration much higher than IgM in response to recognised antigen.

68
Q

Forms of Immunity (Definition)

A

Induced Active Immunity - Developed after administration of antigen to prevent disease
Natural Active Immunity - Developed after exposure to antigens in environment
Natural Passive Immunity - Conferred by transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta/in breast milk
Induced Passive Immunity - Conferred by administration of antibodies to combat infection

69
Q

Problems with Immune System

A

Allergies
Autoimmune Disease
Transplant Rejection

70
Q

Allergy Definition

A

Occurs when a person is overly reactive to a substance
Tissue damage occurs
IgE antibody involved

71
Q

Autoimmune Disease Definition

A

Occurs when immune system fails to display self-tolerance, ends up attacking own body tissue

72
Q

Transplant Rejection Definition

A

Occurs as a result of body recognising a transplanted organ as non-self and mounting a specific immune response against it
Treated with Immunosuppressants

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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