Endocrine System

Question 1

Functions of Endocrine System

Answer 1

Regulates Growth, Development, Reproduction
Maintains homeostasis

Question 2

Organs of the Endocrine System

Answer 2

Hypothalamus
Pineal Gland
Pituitary Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland
Adrenal Gland
Pancreas

Question 3

Endocrine Communication Definition

Answer 3

Cellular communication through the bloodstream using hormones

Question 4

3 Features of Endocrine Glands

Answer 4

Ductless glands comprised of endocrine cells
Have good blood supply
Secretes hormones directly into bloodstream

Question 5

Hormone Definition

Answer 5

Organic Chemical messenger secreted from endocrine cells into the bloodstream
Bind to receptors of target cells to stimulate gene expression/protein synthesis

Question 6

Risks of anabolic steroids

Answer 6

Stunted growth in teenagers
Damage to liver
Reduced sperm count, infertility in males
Facial Hair, cessation of menstrual cycle in females

Question 7

3 Types of Hormones

Answer 7

Amino Acid Derivatives
Peptides
Lipid

Question 8

Types of Amino Acid Hormones

Answer 8

Thyroid - Lipid Soluble
Catecholamines - Water Soluble
Tryptophan Derivatives - Water Soluble

Question 9

Types of Peptide Hormones

Answer 9

Glycoproteins
Short Polypeptides
Both Water Soluble

Question 10

Types of Lipid Hormones

Answer 10

Eicosanoids - Water Soluble
Steroid Hormones - Lipid Soluble

Question 11

Features of Lipid/Water Soluble Hormones

Answer 11

Water soluble can mix with blood but can’t pass through cell membrane
Lipid soluble can’t mix with blood but can pass through cell membrane

Question 12

Hormone Receptor Locations

Answer 12

On the cell membrane (non-lipid soluble hormones)
Inside the cell (lipid soluble hormones)

Question 13

Receptor Hormonal Action

Answer 13

Hormone-receptor complex formed
HRC activates G Protein
Activated G Protein activates enzyme adenylate cyclase
Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
cAMP activates kinase enzymes
Activated kinases affect target cell

Question 14

Steroid Hormonal Action

Answer 14

Hormone diffuses through membrane lipids
Binding of hormone to intracellular receptors
Binding of HRC to DNA

Question 15

Thyroid Hormonal Action

Answer 15

Transport across membrane via diffusion
Binds to receptor on mitochondria/nucleus
Binding of HRC to DNA

Question 16

Fate of free hormones after secretion

Answer 16

Remain functional for 1 hour
Can be broken down in liver, kidney or plasma enzymes

Question 17

Fate of Thyroid/Steroid hormones after secretion

Answer 17

Remain in circulation due to being bound to transport proteins
Due to lipid solubility
Enters bloodstream

Question 18

Hypothalamus Function

Answer 18

Inferface between nervous system and endocrine system

Question 19

Anterior Pituitary Gland Function

Answer 19

Releases hormones controlling the endocrine system
Acts as Master Gland

Question 20

Posterior Pituitary Gland Function

Answer 20

Releases ADH and Oxytocin

Question 21

3 Mechanisms of Hypothalamus Activity

Answer 21

Production of ADH/Oxytocin
Secretion of regulatory hormones to control activity of anterior lobe of pituitary gland
Control of sympathetic output to adrenal medullae

Question 22

Pituitary Gland Structure

Answer 22

2 Lobes (Anterior/Posterior)
Anterior Lobe contains 3 tissues
Pars Intermedia (Anterior) secretes MSH specifically

Question 23

Hypophyseal Portal System Pathway

Answer 23

Neurosecretory Neurons at media eminece secrete regulatory factors
Enter fenestrated capillaries in capilllary bed in hyporthalamus
Portal Veins
Capillary bed in anterior pituitary

Question 24

Feedback Control of Prolactin

Answer 24

Prolactin inhibits PFR
Prolacton also stimulates PIH to inhibit Prolactin secretion

Question 25

Feedback Control of Growth Factor

Answer 25

GH stimulates Somatomedins secretion
Somatomedins stimulate GH-IH to inhibit GH release
Somatomedins also inhibits GH-RH to stimulate GH release