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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Components of Circulatory System

A

Blood
Blood Vessels
Heart

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2
Q

Types of Blood Vessels

A

Arteries/Capillaries/Veins
Arterioles/Venules

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3
Q

2 Circuits of Cardiovascular System

A

Pulmonary Circuit - Blood to and from lungs
Systemic Circuit - Blood to and from rest of body

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4
Q

Blood states across the body

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood
Veins carry deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary Vein has oxygenated blood
Pulmonary Artery has deoxygenated blood

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5
Q

Location of heart

A

Thoracic Cavity
Near anterior chest wall
Posterior to sternum

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6
Q

Factors heart size

A

Biological sex
Age
Size of individual
Exercise

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7
Q

General Structure of the Heart

A

4 chambers acting as a double pump
2 Atria, 2 Ventricles

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8
Q

Atria and Ventricles (Pathway through the Heart)

A

Right Atrium receives blood from systemic circuit and passes it to right ventricle
Right Ventricle receives blood from right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary circuit
Left Atrium receives blood from pulmonary circuit and passes it to the left ventricle
Left Ventricle receives blood from left atrium and passes it to the systemic circuit

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9
Q

Heart Wall Muscle Structure

A

Pericardium - Outer Wall
Epicardium - Middle Wall
Myocardium - Inner Wall

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10
Q

Pericardium Structure and Function

A

Contains fibrous tissue (collagen)
Stabilizes heart position
Provides lubrication (using pericardial fluid)

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11
Q

Myocardium Structure

A

Thick muscle layer between epicardium/endocardium
Highest thickness at Left Ventricle
Thickness changes based on what chamber needs to create more pressure
Myogenic
Interacts with ANS and endocrine system

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12
Q

Intercalated Disks in the Heart

A

Junction between cardiac cells
Contains gap junctions and desmosomes

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13
Q

Gap Junction Definition

A

Junction allowing for depolarisation to pass between cells, synchronising muscle contraction

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14
Q

Desmosome Definition

A

Bind adjacent myocytes together

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15
Q

Endocardium Definition

A

Covers all inner surfaces of the heart
Consists of epithelial tissue
Continuous with epithelium of vessels

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16
Q

Ventricular Wall differences

A

LV = thick wall, higher blood pressure needed to pump blood to rest of the body
RV = thin wall

17
Q

Blood Pressures in Ventricles

A

LV = 80-100mmHg
RV = <15mmHg
Systemic Circuit blood pressure 4-6x higher than pulmonary circuit

18
Q

Why is pulmonary circuit blood pressure low

A

Lungs are delicate, so low blood pressure needed. If higher, would damage blood vessels and lungs

19
Q

Order of structures in cardiovascular system

A

Vena Cava, Right Atrium, Tricuspid Valve, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Valve, Pulmonary Artery, Pulmonary Vein, Left Atrium, Bicuspid Valve, Left Ventricle, Aortic Valve, Aorta

20
Q

Chordae Tendineae Definition

A

Tendinous Strings attached to valves
Tether Valves to ventricular walls
Stops valves from opening the wrong way from ventricular systole

21
Q

Papillary Muscle Definition

A

Muscles attached to valves

22
Q

Heartbeat Definition

A

A single contraction of the heart muscle
Contracts in series: Atria First, Ventricles Second

23
Q

2 Types of Cardiac Muscle

A

Contractile - Produces contractions
Cardiac Pacemaker cells - conducting cells

24
Q

3 Types of pacemaker cells

A

Sino Atrial Node
Atrio Ventricular Node
Purkinje Fibres

25
Q

Replacing SAN

A

Artificial Pacemaker replaces SAN if it becomes dysfunctional

26
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

SA Node activity/atrial activation begins (t=0)
Stimulus spreads across atrial surfaces and reaches the AV Node (t=50msec) (P)
100msec delay at the AV Node, atrial contraction begins (t=150msec)
Impulse travels along interventricular septum within AV bundle, bundle branches to Purkinje fibers and to papillary muscles of RV (t=175msec) (Q)
Impulse distributed by Purkinje fibers and relayed through ventricular myocardium, Atrial contraction is completed, ventricular contraction begins (t=225msec) (QRS)

27
Q

Waves on a ECG

A

P Wave - Atria depolarization
QRS Complex - Ventricle depolarization
T Wave - Ventricle Repolarization

28
Q

When does heartrate change?

A

Fight/Flight System
Training/Exercise
Rest

29
Q

Factors affecting Heart Rate

A

ANS
Catecholamines
Changes in O2/CO2 Levels
Changes in blood pressure
Changes in pH

30
Q

ANS Control of Heart Rate

A

Sympathetic pathway increases heart rate
Parasympathetic pathway decreases heart rate
Both intervene at SAN

31
Q

Types of Catecholamines

A

Endocrine Response from ANS
Epinephrine
Norephinephrine (Noradrenalin)

32
Q

Epinephrine Features

A

Released by adrenal medulla from activation of sympathetic nerves innervating this tissue
Increases heart rate and contractility
Works by binding adrenergic receptors on the heart

33
Q

Norephinephrine Features

A

Initially increases heart rate and contractility, but longer exposure results in decreased heart rate and contractility
Released by adrenal medulla, mostly from spillover from sympathetic nerves innervating the heart
Works by binding adrenergic receptors on the heart

34
Q

Chemoreceptors in Cardiovascular System

A

Peripheral = Carotid Bodies and aortic bodies
Central = Medulla

35
Q

Effects of pH on heart rate

A

Low pH = increased heart rate = activates sympathetic ANS
High pH = decreased heart rate = activates parasympathetic ANS

36
Q

Effects of CO2 levels on heart rate

A

High CO2 = increased heart rate = activates sympathetic ANS
Low CO2 = decreased heart rate = activates parasympathetic ANS

37
Q

Baroreceptors in Cardiovascular System

A

Mechanoreceptors sensing changes in blood pressure on a beat by beat basis
Carotid Sinus = Senses increases/decreases
Aortic Arch = Senses increases only

38
Q

Effect of Blood Pressure on Heart Rate

A

Low BP = less stretch of receptor = increased sympathetic ANS activation = increased heart rate
High BP = more stretch of receptor = increased parasympathetic ANS activation = decreased heart rate

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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