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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Endocrine System II > Flashcards

Endocrine System II Flashcards

1
Q

TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) Pathway

A

TSH secreted by Anterior Pituitary Gland
TSH reaches Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland secretes T3/T4

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1
Q

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) Pathway

A

ACTH secreted by Anterior Pituitary Gland
ACTH reaches adrenal gland
Adrenal Medulla secretes Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
Adrenal Cortex secretes Glucocorticoids

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2
Q

GH (Growth Hormone) Pathway

A

GH secreted by Anterior Pituitary Gland
GH reaches liver
Liver secretes Somatomedins
Somatomedins reach Bone/Muscle Tissues

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3
Q

PRL (Prolactin) Pathway

A

PRL secreted by Anterior Pituitary Gland
PRL reaches Mammary Gland

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4
Q

FSH (Follice Stimulating Hormone)/LH (Luteinizing Hormone) Pathway

A

FSH/LH secreted by Anterior Pituitary Gland
FSH/LH reach Ovaries/Testes
Ovaries secrete Estrogen, Progesterone and Inhibin
Testes secrete Testosterone/Inhibin

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5
Q

MSH (Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone) Pathway

A

MSH secreted by Anterior Pituitary Gland
MSH reach Melanocytes

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6
Q

Effects of Somatomedins

A

Stimulates tissue growth in skeletal muscle and cartilage
Increases Amino Acid uptake/protein synthesis

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7
Q

Effects of GH on Tissues

A

Stimulates cell division in epithelial/connective tissue
Stimulates triglyceride breakdown in adipocytes
Stimulates liver glycogen breakdown

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8
Q

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) Pathway

A

ADH secreted by Posterior Pituitary Gland
ADH reaches Kidneys

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9
Q

OXT (Oxytocin) Pathway

A

OXT secreted by Posterior Pituitary Gland
OXT reaches smooth muscle in prostate gland
OXT reaches uterine smooth muscle and mammary glands

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10
Q

Nervous Stimulation of Posterior Pituitary Gland

A

Sensory and Osmoreceptor Stimulation causes direct release of hormones

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11
Q

Pineal Gland Structure

A

Contains Neurons
Contains Pinealocytes

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12
Q

Melatonin Features

A

Secreted by Pinealocytes
Influences circadian rhythms
Antioxidant

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13
Q

Structure of Thyroid Gland

A

Anterior to thyroid cartilage of larynx
Two lobes connected by narrow isthmus

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14
Q

Function of Thyroid Gland

A

Stores and secretes thyroid hormones
Thyroxine (T3) and Triiodothyronine (T4)

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15
Q

6 Effects of Thyroid Hormones

A

Increases oxygen and energy consumption
Increases heart rate
Increases sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation
Stimulates red blood cell formation
Affects activity of other endocrine tissues
Increases bone turnover

16
Q

Thyroid Follicle Features

A

Hollow Spheres lined by cuboidal epithelium surrounded by capillaries
Contains colloid (protein rich fluid)

17
Q

C Cell Functions

A

Produces Calcitonin
Important in Calcium Homeostasis

18
Q

Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentration using Calcitonin

A

Calcium levels rise in blood
Thyroid Gland produces calcitonin
Increased Excretion of calcium by kidneys
Blood calcium levels decline
Homeostasis achieved

19
Q

Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentration using PTH

A

Calcium levels decrease in blood
Parathyroid glands secretes PTH
Increased reabsorption of calcium by kidneys
Blood calcium levels increase
Homeostasis achieved

20
Q

Parathyroid Gland Features

A

Small Gland posterior of thyroid
Parathyroid cells produce PTH
PTH is released to increase serum calcium when levels decline

21
Q

2 Sections of Adrenal Gland

A

Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla

22
Q

Secretions of the Adrenal Gland

A

Cortex = Glucocorticoids
Medulla = Catecholamines

23
Q

3 Sections of Adrenal Cortex

A

Zona Reticluaris
Zona Fascicluata
Zona Glomerulosa

24
Q

Zona Reticularis Hormones

A

Secretes Androgens - steorid hormones

25
Q

Zona Fasciculata Hormones

A

Secretes Glucorticoids - cortisol
Promotes glucose synthesis, fat and protein metabolism

26
Q

Zona Glomerulosa Hormones

A

Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone
Affects electrolyte composition

27
Q

Regulation of Blood Pressure and Volume

A

Blood Pressure and volume falls
Renal Blood Flow and O2 falls
Erythropoietin and Renin released
Increased RBC production
Blood pressure and volume rises
Homeostasis achieved

28
Q

Cells in Pancreatic Islets

A

Alpha Cells - produce glucagon
Beta Cells - produce insulin

29
Q

Blood Glucose Regulation using insulin

A

Blood Glucose Levels rise
Beta Cells secrete insulin
Increased Glucose Transport/glucose-glycogen conversion
Blood glucose levels decrease
Homeostasis achieved

30
Q

Blood Glucose Regulation using glucagon

A

Blood Glucose Levels fall
Alpha cells secrete glucagon
Increased breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Blood Gluose Levels rise
Homeostasis Achieved

31
Q

Effects of Diabeted Mellitus

A

Kidney Damage
Retinal Damage
Peripheral Nerve Damage
Increased Cardiovascular Disease Risk

32
Q

Antagonistic Definition

A

Hormone with opposing effect
e.g. PTH and Calcitonin

33
Q

Synergistic Definition

A

Hormone with additive effects
e.g. GH and Glucocorticoids

34
Q

Permissive Definition

A

One hormone is necessary for another to produce an effect

35
Q

Integrative Definition

A

Hormones produce different but complementary results

36
Q

5 Hormones needed for Normal Growth

A

GH - protein synthesis/cellular growth
Thyroid - nervous system development
Insulin - supply of energy and nutrients
Parathyroid - calcium absorption
Reproductive Hormones - cell growth/differentiation

37
Q

Organs with secondary endocrine function

A

Heart - secretes natriuretic peptides to reduce blood pressure
Thymus - secretes thymosins to promote lymphocyte development
Adipose Tissue - Secretes leptin to suppress appetite

38
Q

Stages of Fight of Flight from Adrenaline

A

Mobilization of glucose reserves
Changes in circulation
Increases in heart and respiratory rates
Increased energy use by all cells

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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