Endocrine System II Flashcards by Thomas Brown

TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) Pathway

TSH secreted by Anterior Pituitary Gland
TSH reaches Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland secretes T3/T4

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ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) Pathway

ACTH secreted by Anterior Pituitary Gland
ACTH reaches adrenal gland
Adrenal Medulla secretes Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
Adrenal Cortex secretes Glucocorticoids

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GH (Growth Hormone) Pathway

GH secreted by Anterior Pituitary Gland
GH reaches liver
Liver secretes Somatomedins
Somatomedins reach Bone/Muscle Tissues

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PRL (Prolactin) Pathway

PRL secreted by Anterior Pituitary Gland
PRL reaches Mammary Gland

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FSH (Follice Stimulating Hormone)/LH (Luteinizing Hormone) Pathway

FSH/LH secreted by Anterior Pituitary Gland
FSH/LH reach Ovaries/Testes
Ovaries secrete Estrogen, Progesterone and Inhibin
Testes secrete Testosterone/Inhibin

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MSH (Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone) Pathway

MSH secreted by Anterior Pituitary Gland
MSH reach Melanocytes

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Effects of Somatomedins

Stimulates tissue growth in skeletal muscle and cartilage
Increases Amino Acid uptake/protein synthesis

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Effects of GH on Tissues

Stimulates cell division in epithelial/connective tissue
Stimulates triglyceride breakdown in adipocytes
Stimulates liver glycogen breakdown

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ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) Pathway

ADH secreted by Posterior Pituitary Gland
ADH reaches Kidneys

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OXT (Oxytocin) Pathway

OXT secreted by Posterior Pituitary Gland
OXT reaches smooth muscle in prostate gland
OXT reaches uterine smooth muscle and mammary glands

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Nervous Stimulation of Posterior Pituitary Gland

Sensory and Osmoreceptor Stimulation causes direct release of hormones

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Pineal Gland Structure

Contains Neurons
Contains Pinealocytes

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Melatonin Features

Secreted by Pinealocytes
Influences circadian rhythms
Antioxidant

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Structure of Thyroid Gland

Anterior to thyroid cartilage of larynx
Two lobes connected by narrow isthmus

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Function of Thyroid Gland

Stores and secretes thyroid hormones
Thyroxine (T3) and Triiodothyronine (T4)

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6 Effects of Thyroid Hormones

Increases oxygen and energy consumption
Increases heart rate
Increases sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation
Stimulates red blood cell formation
Affects activity of other endocrine tissues
Increases bone turnover

Thyroid Follicle Features

Hollow Spheres lined by cuboidal epithelium surrounded by capillaries
Contains colloid (protein rich fluid)

C Cell Functions

Produces Calcitonin
Important in Calcium Homeostasis

Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentration using Calcitonin

Calcium levels rise in blood
Thyroid Gland produces calcitonin
Increased Excretion of calcium by kidneys
Blood calcium levels decline
Homeostasis achieved

Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentration using PTH

Calcium levels decrease in blood
Parathyroid glands secretes PTH
Increased reabsorption of calcium by kidneys
Blood calcium levels increase
Homeostasis achieved

Parathyroid Gland Features

Small Gland posterior of thyroid
Parathyroid cells produce PTH
PTH is released to increase serum calcium when levels decline

2 Sections of Adrenal Gland

Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla

Secretions of the Adrenal Gland

Cortex = Glucocorticoids
Medulla = Catecholamines

3 Sections of Adrenal Cortex

Zona Reticluaris
Zona Fascicluata
Zona Glomerulosa

Zona Reticularis Hormones

Secretes Androgens - steorid hormones

Zona Fasciculata Hormones

Secretes Glucorticoids - cortisol Promotes glucose synthesis, fat and protein metabolism

Zona Glomerulosa Hormones

Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone Affects electrolyte composition

Regulation of Blood Pressure and Volume

Blood Pressure and volume falls Renal Blood Flow and O2 falls Erythropoietin and Renin released Increased RBC production Blood pressure and volume rises Homeostasis achieved

Cells in Pancreatic Islets

Alpha Cells - produce glucagon Beta Cells - produce insulin

Blood Glucose Regulation using insulin

Blood Glucose Levels rise Beta Cells secrete insulin Increased Glucose Transport/glucose-glycogen conversion Blood glucose levels decrease Homeostasis achieved

Blood Glucose Regulation using glucagon

Blood Glucose Levels fall Alpha cells secrete glucagon Increased breakdown of glycogen to glucose Blood Gluose Levels rise Homeostasis Achieved

Effects of Diabeted Mellitus

Kidney Damage Retinal Damage Peripheral Nerve Damage Increased Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Antagonistic Definition

Hormone with opposing effect e.g. PTH and Calcitonin

Synergistic Definition

Hormone with additive effects e.g. GH and Glucocorticoids

Permissive Definition

One hormone is necessary for another to produce an effect

Integrative Definition

Hormones produce different but complementary results

5 Hormones needed for Normal Growth

GH - protein synthesis/cellular growth Thyroid - nervous system development Insulin - supply of energy and nutrients Parathyroid - calcium absorption Reproductive Hormones - cell growth/differentiation

Organs with secondary endocrine function

Heart - secretes natriuretic peptides to reduce blood pressure Thymus - secretes thymosins to promote lymphocyte development Adipose Tissue - Secretes leptin to suppress appetite

Stages of Fight of Flight from Adrenaline

Mobilization of glucose reserves Changes in circulation Increases in heart and respiratory rates Increased energy use by all cells