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Biology > Respiration and Gas Exchange in Humans > Flashcards

Respiration and Gas Exchange in Humans Flashcards

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1
Q

Features/Adaptation of Gas Exchange in humans (4)

A

large surface area

thin surface

good blood supply

good ventilation of air

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2
Q

Uses of energy in living organisms (7)

A

muscle contraction

protein synthesis

cell division

active transport

growth

passage of nerve impulses

maintenance of body temperature

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3
Q

Define aerobic respiration (2)

A

chemical reactions in cells

use oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy

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4
Q

Aerobic respiration word equation

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

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5
Q

Balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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6
Q

Define anaerobic respiration (2)

A

chemical reaction in cells

break down nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen

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7
Q

Anaerobic respiration releases more energy per glucose molecule than aerobic respiration. True or False?

A

False

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8
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast

A

glucose –> alcohol/ethanol + carbon dioxide

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9
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles

A

glucose –> lactic acid

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10
Q

Balanced chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast

A

C6H12O6 –> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

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11
Q

What happens during vigorous exercise (3)

A

lactic acid builds up in muscles and blood

causes cramps

causes oxygen debt

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12
Q

How is oxygen debt removed after exercise (2)

A

fast heart rate transports lactic acid in blood from muscles to liver

deeper/faster breathing supplied oxygen to break down lactic acid

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13
Q

Composition of inspired air (3)

A

21% oxygen

0.04% carbon dioxide

variable water contents (depends on environment)

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14
Q

Composition of expired air (3)

A

16% oxygen

4% carbon dioxide

saturated in terms of water content

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15
Q

What cells produce mucus

A

goblet cells

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16
Q

Relationship between exercise intensity and rate/depth of breathing (7)

A

cells respire faster during exercise to provide necessary energy for muscle contraction

hence produce more carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide is acidic

can alter blood ph/disrupt enzyme activity

trigger blood ph sensors in brain

brain sends impulse to lungs to increase breathing rate/volume

removes excess carbon dioxide

17
Q

Which is more damaging?

An increase in carbon dioxide concentration or a decrease in oxygen concentration

A

increase in carbon dioxide concentration

18
Q

Experiment to investigate anaerobic respiration (5)

A

boil glucose solution to sterilise/remove oxygen (for anaerobic respiration)

cool temperature (otherwise yeast will die)

place layer of oil above glucose to prevent oxygen from entering

yeast will anaerobically respire producing alcohol and carbon dioxide

limewater will turn cloudy showing carbon dioxide is present

19
Q

Direction of air entering lungs (6)

A

mouth

larynx

trachea

bronchi

bronchioles

alveoli

20
Q

Purpose of mucus

A

traps microorganisms/dust particles breathed in

21
Q

Where are cilia/ciliated cells found (2)

A

trachea lining

bronchi lining

22
Q

Purpose of cilia (2)

A

sweep in co-ordinated motion

move mucus up trachea to back of mouth to be swallowed

23
Q

Define ventilation

A

movement of air across alveolar surface

24
Q

What are alveoli covered in

A

capillaries

25
Q

Alveoli Adaptations (4)

A

thin walls

moist lining

large surface area

high concentration gradient

26
Q

How does a moist lining improve gas exchange

A

gases dissolve before they diffuse

27
Q

Why does water vapour concentration increase in expired air

A

water evaporates from moist lining of alveoli due to warmth of body

28
Q

Components of cigarette smoke (3)

A

carbon monoxide

nicotine

tar

29
Q

How does carbon monoxide damage the body

A

reduces amount of oxygen blood can carry

30
Q

How does nicotine damage the body (3)

A

increases heart rate

puts strain on heart

increases risk of stroke

31
Q

How does tar damage the body (5)

A

causes breakdown of alveoli walls

causes alveoli to merge together

reduces surface area

leads to emphysema

increases chances of lung cancer

32
Q

Name 2 lung diseases

A

bronchitis

emphysema

33
Q

What disease can smoking cause

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

34
Q

How does bronchitis affect the body (2)

A

causes inflammation which narrows airways

causes mucus to block airways

35
Q

How does emphysema affect the body (3)

A

damages alveoli

air becomes trapped in alveoli

reduces gas exchange efficiency

36
Q

Name of gas exchange surface in humans

A

alveoli

37
Q

Name of the tissue that forms C-shaped structures in the wall of the trachea

A

cartilage

38
Q

Function of cartilage (2)

A

supports trachea

allows movement of air

39
Q

Describe the effects on the thorax of contraction of the diaphragm (2)

A

volume increases

pressure decreases

Biology (6 decks)

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