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Biology > B6 > Flashcards

B6 Flashcards

1
Q

Name simple sugars of carbohydrates(3)

A

glucose, lactose, sucrose

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2
Q

What is the purpose of carbohydrates

A

respiration to release energy

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3
Q

Examples of carbohydrates (3)

A

potato, rice, pasta

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4
Q

Name polysaccharides of carbohydrates(2)

A

starch, glycogen

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5
Q

Location of fats

A

just below the skin

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6
Q

Purpose of fats (3)

A

insulation - regulates body temperature

protect organs

energy storage - supply molecules for respiration (in case body does not have enough energy)

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7
Q

Fat sources (3)

A

salmon

almonds

avocados

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8
Q

Purpose of proteins (2)

A

growth and repair of tissues

amino acids form enzymes

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9
Q

Protein sources (3)

A

meat

fish

cheese

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10
Q

Result of excess carbohydrates(2)

A

obesity

tooth decay

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11
Q

Name of protein deficiency

A

Kwashiorkor

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12
Q

Result of Marasmus (2)

A

short for age

low body fat/muscle

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13
Q

Marasmus definition

A

condition of low energy containing foods

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14
Q

Results of protein deficiency (3)

A

enlarged belly

small/wasting muscles

failure to grow properly

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15
Q

Purpose of Vitamin A

A

maintains the retina in the eye

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16
Q

Vitamin A sources (3)

A

carrots

liver

butter

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17
Q

Purpose of Vitamin D (2)

A

helps bones absorb calcium

develops strong bones and teeth

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18
Q

Vitamin D sources (3)

A

fish

eggs

liver

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19
Q

Vitamin C purpose(3)

A

keep lining of blood vessels healthy

strengthens immune system

healthy skin, teeth, gums

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20
Q

Vitamin C sources (3)

A

citrus fruits

green vegetables

potatoes

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21
Q

Results of vitamin C deficiency (3)

A

weakened immune system

swelling/bleeding of gums

muscle and joint pain and tiredness

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22
Q

Calcium purpose (2)

A

making teeth and bones

involved in clotting of blood

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23
Q

Calcium sources (3)

A

dairy products

fish

eggs

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24
Q

Iron purpose

A

make haemoglobin

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25
Q

Iron sources(3)

A

red meat, eggs, spinach

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26
Q

Results of a vitamin d/calcium deficiency(2)

A

soft bones

curved leg bones

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27
Q

Define rickets/osteomalacia (2)

A

vitamin D deficiency

calcium deficiency

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28
Q

Define anaemia

A

iron deficiency

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29
Q

Result of iron deficiency (3)

A

red blood cells smaller than normal

less red blood cells

tiredness and short of breath

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30
Q

Purpose of Water(3)

A

solvent for enzymes/food molecules

maintains osmosis correctly in cells

component of blood plasma

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31
Q

Fibre purpose

A

gives muscles of gut something to push against while food moves through alimentary canal

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32
Q

Examples of fibre (3)

A

cabbage

brown rice

wholegrain wheat

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33
Q

Fibre deficiency

A

constipation

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34
Q

fibre overintake

A

diarrhoea

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35
Q

Definition of digestion (3)

A

breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules to smaller, soluble food molecules

transported across membranes and used in metabolism

involves mechanical and chemical processes

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36
Q

Mouth purpose (3)

A

beginning of digestion

teeth work to break food apart

saliva contains amylase - breaks down carbohydrates

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37
Q

Bile purpose (2)

A

emulsify/break down fat

neutralize acid in food

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38
Q

Result of high proportion of saturated fats for diet (3)

A

increased cholesterol in arteries

increased blood pressure

increased risk of coronary heart disease

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39
Q

Define ingestion

A

taking food and drink into the body

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40
Q

Define absorption

A

movement of digested food molecules through intestine walls into blood

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41
Q

Define assimilation (3)

A

movement of digested food molecules into cells to be used

digested food molecules become part of cells

or digested food molecules used to produce other molecules

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42
Q

Define egestion

A

passing out of food that has not been digested through the anus as faeces

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43
Q

Mouth purpose

A

break food down into smaller pieces

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44
Q

Salivary glands purpose(2)

A

produces saliva to moisten food so it can easily be swallowed

produces amylase to break down starch

45
Q

Oesophagus purpose

A

moves swallowed food (bolus) from mouth to stomach by peristalsis

46
Q

Define peristalsis

A

waves of muscle contraction

47
Q

Stomach purpose(3)

A

protease (pepsin) secreted to digest protein

movement of stomach wall churn food into liquid

denature enzymes in harmful microorganism, killing them

48
Q

Liver purpose (3)

A

produces bile

removes excess glucose from blood and stores as glycogen

amino acids not used for making proteins broken down (urea) sent to kidneys for excretion

49
Q

gall bladder purpose(2)

A

stores bile

passes bile along the bile duct into small intestine to neutralize stomach acid

50
Q

pancreas purpose (2)

A

produces and secretes enzymes to the small intestine

produces lipase, amylase and protease

51
Q

small intestine purpose (2)

A

secretions from gallbladder and pancreas complete digestion in the duodenum

digested food molecules and water are absorbed in the ileum

52
Q

large intestine purpose

A

absorbs water from the remaining material

53
Q

anus purpose

A

egests faeces

54
Q

Distance from mouth to anus

A

8 metres

55
Q

Define mechanical digestion (2)

A

breaking food down physically into smaller pieces

without chemically changing food molecules

56
Q

Examples of mechanical digestion (3)

A

biting and chewing action of teeth

bile emulsifying fats (breaking them into small droplets)

churning of stomach

57
Q

Define chemical digestion

A

breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules using chemicals

58
Q

Purpose of incisors

A

biting off food

59
Q

Shape of incisors

A

chisel-shaped

60
Q

Location of incisors

A

front of the mouth

61
Q

Purpose of canines (2)

A

tear food

hold food (especially meat) to be chewed

62
Q

Shape of canines

A

sharp and pointy

63
Q

Purpose of premolars(2)

A

cutting off tough foods

grinding foods (plant material)

64
Q

Purpose of molars (2)

A

chewing foods

grinding foods (particularly plant material)

65
Q

Location of molars

A

back of the mouth

66
Q

Shape of molars

A

flat surface

67
Q

Number of teeth (4)

A

4 incisors
2 canines
4 premolars
4-6 molars

68
Q

How does a tooth get corroded (3)

A

bacteria produce acids

acids corrode enamel and expose the dentine

causes pain in the nerves of the pulp cavity

69
Q

How does plaque help bacteria

A

makes bacteria easier to grow

70
Q

Solutions to plaque (2)

A

brushing teeth
avoiding foods high in sugar

71
Q

Where is amylase produced (2)

A

salivary glands, pancreas

72
Q

Where is protease produced(2)

A

stomach wall, pancreas

73
Q

Where is lipase produced

A

pancreas

74
Q

Length of small intestine

A

over 6 m

75
Q

villi adaptations (3)

A

1 cell thick - short diffusion distance

supplied with blood capillaries - maintains concentration gradient with digested food and blood stream

lacteals transports lipids separately from rest of food molecules

76
Q

What nutrient does breast milk contain?

A

protein

77
Q

Define a balanced diet

A

A diet containing all nutrients in the right proportions

78
Q

What nutrient do children need in a higher proportion than adults?

A

protein

79
Q

Define malnutrition (2)

A

applies to a diet that causes health problems

can occur if one or more nutrients are too high/low a proportion in the diet

80
Q

Define constipation

A

A condition in which food moves too slowly through the alimentary canal

81
Q

Diseases that can be caused by constipation(2)

A

bowel cancer, diverticulitis

82
Q

Define starvation

A

occurs when there is too little energy provided by diet

83
Q

How does the body react to starvation

A

breaks down energy stores (first fat stores then muscle tissue) for respiration

84
Q

Result of starvation (2)

A

damage muscle tissue of heart

damage immune system

85
Q

First layer of the tooth (hard)

A

enamel

86
Q

Second layer of tooth

A

dentine

87
Q

3rd layer of tooth

A

pulp cavity

88
Q

What sticks tooth to gum

A

cement

89
Q

Purpose of mechanical digestion

A

creates greater surface area for enzymes and speeds up digestion

90
Q

Where is protease secreted

A

stomach

91
Q

Where is lipase secreted

A

small intestine

92
Q

Where is amylase secreted(2)

A

mouth

small intestine

93
Q

What are villi

A

finger-like protrusions on small intestine wall that increase surface area for nutrition absorption

94
Q

What are lacteals

A

lymphatic vessels of small intestine that absorb digested lipids

95
Q

Define mastication

A

process of mechanically breaking large pieces of food into smaller pieces using teeth

96
Q

Name the two parts of tooth structure (2)

A

crown

root

97
Q

Define the crown of the tooth

A

part of tooth that is visible above gum

98
Q

Define the root of the tooth

A

part of tooth that holds tooth in the gum

99
Q

Number of roots for incisors

A

1

100
Q

Number of roots for canines

A

1

101
Q

Number of roots for premolars

A

1

102
Q

Number of roots for molars

A

2 or 3

103
Q

Enamel purpose

A

protects softer dentine beneath

104
Q

Dentine purpose

A

covers pulp cavity

105
Q

What is external surface of crown

A

enamel

106
Q

Hardest substance produced in human body

A

enamel

107
Q

What is the pulp cavity made up of

A

a mixture of blood and nerves

108
Q

Cementum purpose (2)

A

connects tooth to jawbone

holds root of tooth in place

Biology (6 decks)

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