B6 Flashcards
1
Q
Name simple sugars of carbohydrates(3)
A
glucose, lactose, sucrose
2
Q
What is the purpose of carbohydrates
A
respiration to release energy
3
Q
Examples of carbohydrates (3)
A
potato, rice, pasta
4
Q
Name polysaccharides of carbohydrates(2)
A
starch, glycogen
5
Q
Location of fats
A
just below the skin
6
Q
Purpose of fats (3)
A
insulation - regulates body temperature
protect organs
energy storage - supply molecules for respiration (in case body does not have enough energy)
7
Q
Fat sources (3)
A
salmon
almonds
avocados
8
Q
Purpose of proteins (2)
A
growth and repair of tissues
amino acids form enzymes
9
Q
Protein sources (3)
A
meat
fish
cheese
10
Q
Result of excess carbohydrates(2)
A
obesity
tooth decay
11
Q
Name of protein deficiency
A
Kwashiorkor
12
Q
Result of Marasmus (2)
A
short for age
low body fat/muscle
13
Q
Marasmus definition
A
condition of low energy containing foods
14
Q
Results of protein deficiency (3)
A
enlarged belly
small/wasting muscles
failure to grow properly
15
Q
Purpose of Vitamin A
A
maintains the retina in the eye
16
Q
Vitamin A sources (3)
A
carrots
liver
butter
17
Q
Purpose of Vitamin D (2)
A
helps bones absorb calcium
develops strong bones and teeth
18
Q
Vitamin D sources (3)
A
fish
eggs
liver
19
Q
Vitamin C purpose(3)
A
keep lining of blood vessels healthy
strengthens immune system
healthy skin, teeth, gums
20
Q
Vitamin C sources (3)
A
citrus fruits
green vegetables
potatoes
21
Q
Results of vitamin C deficiency (3)
A
weakened immune system
swelling/bleeding of gums
muscle and joint pain and tiredness
22
Q
Calcium purpose (2)
A
making teeth and bones
involved in clotting of blood
23
Q
Calcium sources (3)
A
dairy products
fish
eggs
24
Q
Iron purpose
A
make haemoglobin
25
Iron sources(3)
red meat, eggs, spinach
26
Results of a vitamin d/calcium deficiency(2)
soft bones
curved leg bones
27
Define rickets/osteomalacia (2)
vitamin D deficiency
calcium deficiency
28
Define anaemia
iron deficiency
29
Result of iron deficiency (3)
red blood cells smaller than normal
less red blood cells
tiredness and short of breath
30
Purpose of Water(3)
solvent for enzymes/food molecules
maintains osmosis correctly in cells
component of blood plasma
31
Fibre purpose
gives muscles of gut something to push against while food moves through alimentary canal
32
Examples of fibre (3)
cabbage
brown rice
wholegrain wheat
33
Fibre deficiency
constipation
34
fibre overintake
diarrhoea
35
Definition of digestion (3)
breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules to smaller, soluble food molecules
transported across membranes and used in metabolism
involves mechanical and chemical processes
36
Mouth purpose (3)
beginning of digestion
teeth work to break food apart
saliva contains amylase - breaks down carbohydrates
37
Bile purpose (2)
emulsify/break down fat
neutralize acid in food
38
Result of high proportion of saturated fats for diet (3)
increased cholesterol in arteries
increased blood pressure
increased risk of coronary heart disease
39
Define ingestion
taking food and drink into the body
40
Define absorption
movement of digested food molecules through intestine walls into blood
41
Define assimilation (3)
movement of digested food molecules into cells to be used
digested food molecules become part of cells
or digested food molecules used to produce other molecules
42
Define egestion
passing out of food that has not been digested through the anus as faeces
43
Mouth purpose
break food down into smaller pieces
44
Salivary glands purpose(2)
produces saliva to moisten food so it can easily be swallowed
produces amylase to break down starch
45
Oesophagus purpose
moves swallowed food (bolus) from mouth to stomach by peristalsis
46
Define peristalsis
waves of muscle contraction
47
Stomach purpose(3)
protease (pepsin) secreted to digest protein
movement of stomach wall churn food into liquid
denature enzymes in harmful microorganism, killing them
48
Liver purpose (3)
produces bile
removes excess glucose from blood and stores as glycogen
amino acids not used for making proteins broken down (urea) sent to kidneys for excretion
49
gall bladder purpose(2)
stores bile
passes bile along the bile duct into small intestine to neutralize stomach acid
50
pancreas purpose (2)
produces and secretes enzymes to the small intestine
produces lipase, amylase and protease
51
small intestine purpose (2)
secretions from gallbladder and pancreas complete digestion in the duodenum
digested food molecules and water are absorbed in the ileum
52
large intestine purpose
absorbs water from the remaining material
53
anus purpose
egests faeces
54
Distance from mouth to anus
8 metres
55
Define mechanical digestion (2)
breaking food down physically into smaller pieces
without chemically changing food molecules
56
Examples of mechanical digestion (3)
biting and chewing action of teeth
bile emulsifying fats (breaking them into small droplets)
churning of stomach
57
Define chemical digestion
breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small, soluble molecules using chemicals
58
Purpose of incisors
biting off food
59
Shape of incisors
chisel-shaped
60
Location of incisors
front of the mouth
61
Purpose of canines (2)
tear food
hold food (especially meat) to be chewed
62
Shape of canines
sharp and pointy
63
Purpose of premolars(2)
cutting off tough foods
grinding foods (plant material)
64
Purpose of molars (2)
chewing foods
grinding foods (particularly plant material)
65
Location of molars
back of the mouth
66
Shape of molars
flat surface
67
Number of teeth (4)
4 incisors
2 canines
4 premolars
4-6 molars
68
How does a tooth get corroded (3)
bacteria produce acids
acids corrode enamel and expose the dentine
causes pain in the nerves of the pulp cavity
69
How does plaque help bacteria
makes bacteria easier to grow
70
Solutions to plaque (2)
brushing teeth
avoiding foods high in sugar
71
Where is amylase produced (2)
salivary glands, pancreas
72
Where is protease produced(2)
stomach wall, pancreas
73
Where is lipase produced
pancreas
74
Length of small intestine
over 6 m
75
villi adaptations (3)
1 cell thick - short diffusion distance
supplied with blood capillaries - maintains concentration gradient with digested food and blood stream
lacteals transports lipids separately from rest of food molecules
76
What nutrient does breast milk contain?
protein
77
Define a balanced diet
A diet containing all nutrients in the right proportions
78
What nutrient do children need in a higher proportion than adults?
protein
79
Define malnutrition (2)
applies to a diet that causes health problems
can occur if one or more nutrients are too high/low a proportion in the diet
80
Define constipation
A condition in which food moves too slowly through the alimentary canal
81
Diseases that can be caused by constipation(2)
bowel cancer, diverticulitis
82
Define starvation
occurs when there is too little energy provided by diet
83
How does the body react to starvation
breaks down energy stores (first fat stores then muscle tissue) for respiration
84
Result of starvation (2)
damage muscle tissue of heart
damage immune system
85
First layer of the tooth (hard)
enamel
86
Second layer of tooth
dentine
87
3rd layer of tooth
pulp cavity
88
What sticks tooth to gum
cement
89
Purpose of mechanical digestion
creates greater surface area for enzymes and speeds up digestion
90
Where is protease secreted
stomach
91
Where is lipase secreted
small intestine
92
Where is amylase secreted(2)
mouth
small intestine
93
What are villi
finger-like protrusions on small intestine wall that increase surface area for nutrition absorption
94
What are lacteals
lymphatic vessels of small intestine that absorb digested lipids
95
Define mastication
process of mechanically breaking large pieces of food into smaller pieces using teeth
96
Name the two parts of tooth structure (2)
crown
root
97
Define the crown of the tooth
part of tooth that is visible above gum
98
Define the root of the tooth
part of tooth that holds tooth in the gum
99
Number of roots for incisors
1
100
Number of roots for canines
1
101
Number of roots for premolars
1
102
Number of roots for molars
2 or 3
103
Enamel purpose
protects softer dentine beneath
104
Dentine purpose
covers pulp cavity
105
What is external surface of crown
enamel
106
Hardest substance produced in human body
enamel
107
What is the pulp cavity made up of
a mixture of blood and nerves
108
Cementum purpose (2)
connects tooth to jawbone
holds root of tooth in place
