Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology by Thaidz > Respiration and Gas Exchange / Blood and Organs > Flashcards

Respiration and Gas Exchange / Blood and Organs Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define Respiration

A

process of releasing energy from glucose

energy is released as heat and chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the two types of respiration?

A

aerobic and anaerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the uses of chemical/heat energy released from respiration ?

A

chemical - used to create large molecules from smaller one (e.g. proteins from amino acids) / contract muscles
heat - helps maintain a steady body temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is Aerobic respiration?

A

respiration which needs oxygen

most efficient way to release energy from glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen —– Carbon Dioxide + Water

C⁶H¹²O⁶ + O² ——- CO² + H²O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is Anaerobic respiration ?

A

used when body can’t get enough oxygen (exercise)
not very efficient as releases less energy, glucose is only partially broken down and lactic acid produced, which gets painful and leads to cramps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the Anaerobic respiration equation ?

A

Glucose ——- Lactic acid ( + Energy )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the Anaerobic respiration equation for plants?

A

Glucose —– Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide ( + Energy )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what happens when plants respire…

A

they use oxygen and produce carbon dioxide as a waste product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what happens when plants photosynthesise…

A

they use carbon dioxide and produce oxygen as a waste product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when do plants photosynthesise / respire?

A

photosynthesise in day when there is light

when there is no light, only can respire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how are leaves adapted for gas exchange?

A

leaves with large surface area - diffusion
thin leaves - gases travel short distance to reach cells
air spaces - gases can move easily between cells
stomata - let gasses diffuse in / out and water escape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are reasons stomata might close ?

A
  • when its dark as plant can’t photosynthesise without light, this stops water getting out, or plant could dry out
  • water supplies from roots dry up so plant doesn’t dry out and die
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the function of guard cells?

A

to open / close the stomata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the colour of normal CO² concentration with hydrogen-carbonate indicator?

A

orange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the colour of higher CO² concentration with hydrogen-carbonate indicator?

A

yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the colour of lower CO² concentration with hydrogen-carbonate indicator?

A

purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the thorax?

A

top part of your body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where are the lungs?

describe the inhaling process

A

in the thorax and protected by rib cage (surrounded by the pleural membranes)
air breathed in goes trough trachea which splits into two tubes called the bronchi (each is a bronchus), one going to each lung, these split into smaller bronchioles
gas exchange at the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what happens when breathing in ?

A

intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract
thorax volume increases
decreases pressure, drawing air in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens when breathing out ?

A

intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
thorax volume decreases
air is forced out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the alveoli?
what do they do?
explain how

A

millions of little air sacs in lungs - gas exchange
blood passing has just been round body (high CO², low oxygen) so oxygen diffuses into blood and CO² diffuses out of blood into alveoli to be breathed out
when blood reaches body cells, oxygen diffuses into cell and CO² diffuses into blood to go to lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how are alveoli specialised for gas exchange?

A 
high numbers of them gives lungs large surface area
moist lining for gases to dissolve in 
thin walls for quick diffusion 
permeable walls 
great blood supply
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does smoking tobacco do to your lungs?

A

damages walls inside alveoli - causes emphysema
tar damages cilia in lungs - causes chest infections
tar irritates bronchi, encourages mucus which can’t clear well with damaged cilia - cough/chronic bronchitis
carbon monoxide reduces oxygen - heart rate increase - increase blood pressure - blood clots - heart diseases
contains carcinogens - cancer

25
Q

what are the 4 main components of blood?

A

plasma
platelets
red blood cells
white blood cells

26
Q

what is plasma?

what is its function?

A

liquid part of blood
carries : red/white blood cells, platelets, digested food products (like glucose), carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, heat energy

27
Q

what are platelets ?

what is the function?

A

small fragments of cells that help blood clot
when blood vessel damaged, platelets clump together to stop blood loss and prevent microorganisms
platelets held with protein called fibrin (and other proteins called clotting factors)

28
Q

what are red blood cells ?

what is the function?

A

transport oxygen from lungs to body cells
small biconcave shape - large surface area for absorbing / releasing oxygen
contain haemoglobin which reacts with oxygen in lungs to become oxyhaemoglobin
no nucleus - more space for haemoglobin

29
Q

what are the 2 different white blood cells ?

A

phagocytes and lymphocytes

30
Q

what is the function of phagocytes ?

A

detect ‘foreign’ things in body e.g. pathogens
engulf pathogens and digest them
non-specific - attack anything not meant to be there

31
Q

what is the function of lymphocytes ?

A

every pathogen have unique antigens on surface
lymphocytes detect foreign antigen, start producing proteins called antibodies which destroy them
antibodies specific for each antigen
antibodies made rapidly to flow round to find antigen
some lymphocytes stay in blood as memory cells, and can produce antibodies fast if same antigen returns

32
Q

how does vaccination work?

why is it needed?

A

lymphocytes sometimes make antibodies too slow
to avoid this, dead pathogens can be injected, they still carry antigens so lymphocytes activate, but harmless
if the live pathogen appear, memory cells will produce the antibodies faster and greater numbers

33
Q

what are the 3 different blood vessels ?

what are their functions?

A

arteries - carry blood away from heart
capillaries - exchange of materials at tissues
veins - carry blood to heart

34
Q

describe arteries

A

heart pumps blood at high pressure so artery walls need to be strong (thick layers of muscle) and elastic
branch into capillaries

35
Q

describe capillaries

A

tiny and carry blood close to every cell
have permeable walls so substances can diffuse
supply food, oxygen and take away CO²
thin walls for fast diffusion

36
Q

describe veins

A

capillaries join up to form veins
blood is at low pressure here so no need for thick walls
big lumen to help blood flow
valves to keep blood flowing right direction

37
Q

what happens to heart rate when exercising ?

how is this detected / responded ?

A

exercise increases CO² in blood
high levels of CO² detected by receptors in aorta and carotid artery (neck artery)
receptors send signals to brain
brain sends signals to heart, causing it to contract more frequently and with more force

38
Q

how does adrenaline affect heart rate?

A

when threatened, adrenaline is released
adrenaline binds with receptors in heart causing cardiac muscles to pump more and faster
increases oxygen supply to tissues, body ready for action

39
Q

what carries oxygenated/deoxygenated blood?

A

arteries carry oxygenated blood
veins carry deoxygenated blood
pulmonary artery/vein are big exceptions

40
Q

what does pulmonary mean?

A

to do with lungs

41
Q

what does hepatic mean?

A

to do with liver

42
Q

what does renal mean?

A

to do with kidneys

43
Q

what are the main roles of the kidneys ?

A

removal of urea from blood
adjustment salt levels in blood
adjustment water content of blood

44
Q

what is urea ? where is it produced?

A

waste product produced in liver from excess amino acids

45
Q

what happens during ultra filtration ?

A

blood from renal artery flows through glomerulus
water, urea, slats and glucose squeezed out of blood at high pressure into Bowman’s capsule
membranes act as filters, large molecules don’t fit

46
Q

what is the glomerulus ?

A

bundle of capillaries at start of nephrons

47
Q

what is glomerular filtrate ?

A

filtered liquid in Bowman’s capsule

48
Q

what happens during Selective reabsorption ?

A

all glucose reabsorbed into blood at proximal coiled tubule, involves active transport
some salts/ions reabsorbed

49
Q

what happens at the collecting ducts ?

A

water reabsorbed in nephron

ADH makes more permeable to increase water content

50
Q

what happens to remaining wastes from kidneys?

A

remaining substances (water, salts and urea) form urine
travels through ureter to bladder (storage)
released via urethra

51
Q

what is osmoregulation?

how is it controlled?

A

constant balance of water content in body

nephrons in kidney can absorb more/less water to balance water content

52
Q

how does ADH affect osmoregulation?

what sets off ADH?

A

controls water content in body by making collecting ducts (nephron) more permeable-more water absorbed
hypothalamus monitors water content and instructs pituitary gland to release more/less ADH

53
Q

what is the hypothalamus ?

A

special cells in brain that control water content/body temp

cause pituitary gland to release more/less ADH to control water content

54
Q

what is negative feedback in the body?

A

when body detects something wrong and works to fix it

55
Q

what is the largest artery in the body?

A

the aorta

56
Q

what is the lumen ?

A

hole in middle of blood vessels

57
Q

what is the largest vein in the body?

A

vena cava

58
Q

what are ways water is lost?

A

ways water lost: sweat, breath, urine

Biology by Thaidz (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions