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Biology by Thaidz > Respiration and Gas Exchange / Blood and Organs > Flashcards

Respiration and Gas Exchange / Blood and Organs Flashcards

1
Q

define Respiration

A

process of releasing energy from glucose

energy is released as heat and chemical energy

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2
Q

what are the two types of respiration?

A

aerobic and anaerobic

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3
Q

what are the uses of chemical/heat energy released from respiration ?

A

chemical - used to create large molecules from smaller one (e.g. proteins from amino acids) / contract muscles
heat - helps maintain a steady body temp

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4
Q

what is Aerobic respiration?

A

respiration which needs oxygen

most efficient way to release energy from glucose

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5
Q

what is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen —– Carbon Dioxide + Water

C⁶H¹²O⁶ + O² ——- CO² + H²O

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6
Q

what is Anaerobic respiration ?

A

used when body can’t get enough oxygen (exercise)
not very efficient as releases less energy, glucose is only partially broken down and lactic acid produced, which gets painful and leads to cramps

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7
Q

what is the Anaerobic respiration equation ?

A

Glucose ——- Lactic acid ( + Energy )

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8
Q

what is the Anaerobic respiration equation for plants?

A

Glucose —– Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide ( + Energy )

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9
Q

what happens when plants respire…

A

they use oxygen and produce carbon dioxide as a waste product

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10
Q

what happens when plants photosynthesise…

A

they use carbon dioxide and produce oxygen as a waste product

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11
Q

when do plants photosynthesise / respire?

A

photosynthesise in day when there is light

when there is no light, only can respire

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12
Q

how are leaves adapted for gas exchange?

A

leaves with large surface area - diffusion
thin leaves - gases travel short distance to reach cells
air spaces - gases can move easily between cells
stomata - let gasses diffuse in / out and water escape

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13
Q

what are reasons stomata might close ?

A
  • when its dark as plant can’t photosynthesise without light, this stops water getting out, or plant could dry out
  • water supplies from roots dry up so plant doesn’t dry out and die
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14
Q

what is the function of guard cells?

A

to open / close the stomata

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15
Q

what is the colour of normal CO² concentration with hydrogen-carbonate indicator?

A

orange

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16
Q

what is the colour of higher CO² concentration with hydrogen-carbonate indicator?

A

yellow

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17
Q

what is the colour of lower CO² concentration with hydrogen-carbonate indicator?

A

purple

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18
Q

what is the thorax?

A

top part of your body

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19
Q

where are the lungs?

describe the inhaling process

A

in the thorax and protected by rib cage (surrounded by the pleural membranes)
air breathed in goes trough trachea which splits into two tubes called the bronchi (each is a bronchus), one going to each lung, these split into smaller bronchioles
gas exchange at the alveoli

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20
Q

what happens when breathing in ?

A

intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract
thorax volume increases
decreases pressure, drawing air in

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21
Q

what happens when breathing out ?

A

intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
thorax volume decreases
air is forced out

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22
Q

what are the alveoli?
what do they do?
explain how

A

millions of little air sacs in lungs - gas exchange
blood passing has just been round body (high CO², low oxygen) so oxygen diffuses into blood and CO² diffuses out of blood into alveoli to be breathed out
when blood reaches body cells, oxygen diffuses into cell and CO² diffuses into blood to go to lungs

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23
Q

how are alveoli specialised for gas exchange?

A 
high numbers of them gives lungs large surface area
moist lining for gases to dissolve in 
thin walls for quick diffusion 
permeable walls 
great blood supply
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24
Q

what does smoking tobacco do to your lungs?

A

damages walls inside alveoli - causes emphysema
tar damages cilia in lungs - causes chest infections
tar irritates bronchi, encourages mucus which can’t clear well with damaged cilia - cough/chronic bronchitis
carbon monoxide reduces oxygen - heart rate increase - increase blood pressure - blood clots - heart diseases
contains carcinogens - cancer

25
what are the 4 main components of blood?
plasma platelets red blood cells white blood cells
26
what is plasma? | what is its function?
liquid part of blood carries : red/white blood cells, platelets, digested food products (like glucose), carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, heat energy
27
what are platelets ? | what is the function?
small fragments of cells that help blood clot when blood vessel damaged, platelets clump together to stop blood loss and prevent microorganisms platelets held with protein called fibrin (and other proteins called clotting factors)
28
what are red blood cells ? | what is the function?
transport oxygen from lungs to body cells small biconcave shape - large surface area for absorbing / releasing oxygen contain haemoglobin which reacts with oxygen in lungs to become oxyhaemoglobin no nucleus - more space for haemoglobin
29
what are the 2 different white blood cells ?
phagocytes and lymphocytes
30
what is the function of phagocytes ?
detect 'foreign' things in body e.g. pathogens engulf pathogens and digest them non-specific - attack anything not meant to be there
31
what is the function of lymphocytes ?
every pathogen have unique antigens on surface lymphocytes detect foreign antigen, start producing proteins called antibodies which destroy them antibodies specific for each antigen antibodies made rapidly to flow round to find antigen some lymphocytes stay in blood as memory cells, and can produce antibodies fast if same antigen returns
32
how does vaccination work? | why is it needed?
lymphocytes sometimes make antibodies too slow to avoid this, dead pathogens can be injected, they still carry antigens so lymphocytes activate, but harmless if the live pathogen appear, memory cells will produce the antibodies faster and greater numbers
33
what are the 3 different blood vessels ? | what are their functions?
arteries - carry blood away from heart capillaries - exchange of materials at tissues veins - carry blood to heart
34
describe arteries
heart pumps blood at high pressure so artery walls need to be strong (thick layers of muscle) and elastic branch into capillaries
35
describe capillaries
tiny and carry blood close to every cell have permeable walls so substances can diffuse supply food, oxygen and take away CO² thin walls for fast diffusion
36
describe veins
capillaries join up to form veins blood is at low pressure here so no need for thick walls big lumen to help blood flow valves to keep blood flowing right direction
37
what happens to heart rate when exercising ? | how is this detected / responded ?
exercise increases CO² in blood high levels of CO² detected by receptors in aorta and carotid artery (neck artery) receptors send signals to brain brain sends signals to heart, causing it to contract more frequently and with more force
38
how does adrenaline affect heart rate?
when threatened, adrenaline is released adrenaline binds with receptors in heart causing cardiac muscles to pump more and faster increases oxygen supply to tissues, body ready for action
39
what carries oxygenated/deoxygenated blood?
arteries carry oxygenated blood veins carry deoxygenated blood pulmonary artery/vein are big exceptions
40
what does pulmonary mean?
to do with lungs
41
what does hepatic mean?
to do with liver
42
what does renal mean?
to do with kidneys
43
what are the main roles of the kidneys ?
removal of urea from blood adjustment salt levels in blood adjustment water content of blood
44
what is urea ? where is it produced?
waste product produced in liver from excess amino acids
45
what happens during ultra filtration ?
blood from renal artery flows through glomerulus water, urea, slats and glucose squeezed out of blood at high pressure into Bowman's capsule membranes act as filters, large molecules don't fit
46
what is the glomerulus ?
bundle of capillaries at start of nephrons
47
what is glomerular filtrate ?
filtered liquid in Bowman's capsule
48
what happens during Selective reabsorption ?
all glucose reabsorbed into blood at proximal coiled tubule, involves active transport some salts/ions reabsorbed
49
what happens at the collecting ducts ?
water reabsorbed in nephron | ADH makes more permeable to increase water content
50
what happens to remaining wastes from kidneys?
remaining substances (water, salts and urea) form urine travels through ureter to bladder (storage) released via urethra
51
what is osmoregulation? | how is it controlled?
constant balance of water content in body | nephrons in kidney can absorb more/less water to balance water content
52
how does ADH affect osmoregulation? | what sets off ADH?
controls water content in body by making collecting ducts (nephron) more permeable-more water absorbed hypothalamus monitors water content and instructs pituitary gland to release more/less ADH
53
what is the hypothalamus ?
special cells in brain that control water content/body temp | cause pituitary gland to release more/less ADH to control water content
54
what is negative feedback in the body?
when body detects something wrong and works to fix it
55
what is the largest artery in the body?
the aorta
56
what is the lumen ?
hole in middle of blood vessels
57
what is the largest vein in the body?
vena cava
58
what are ways water is lost?
ways water lost: sweat, breath, urine

Biology by Thaidz (10 decks)

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