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Biology by Thaidz > Coordination and Response > Flashcards

Coordination and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a stimulus (stimuli)?

A

any change in the internal or external environment

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2
Q

what is the function of receptors ?

how do they communicate with effectors?

A

to detect stimuli

communicate with effectors via nervous system / hormonal system / both

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3
Q

what are effectors ?

give some examples

A

cells that bring about a response to the stimuli

examples - muscle cells contract and gland cells (like pancreas) secrete hormones

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4
Q

describe the Central nervous system (CNS)

A

made up of neurons (nerve cells)
consists of brain and spinal cord
coordinates the response to a stimuli
very rapid responses with fast electrical impulses

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5
Q

what are the sense organs ?

A

eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin

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6
Q

what are reflexes ?

A

automatic responses to certain stimuli which help prevent injury

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7
Q

what is the reflex arc?

A

stimulus – receptor – sensory neuron – relay neuron – motor neuron – effector – response

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8
Q

what are the three main neurons ?

what are their functions?

A

sensory neuron - carry signals from receptors to spinal cord / brain
relay neuron - carry messages from one part of CNS to another
motor neuron - carry signals from CNS to effectors

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9
Q

what is the function of the conjunctiva ?

A

lubricates and protects surface of eye

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10
Q

what is the function of the cornea ?

A

refracts (eye) light into eye

is transparent and has no blood vessels so oxygen diffuses in from outer surface

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11
Q

what is the function of the iris?

A

controls diameter of pupil, therefore how much light enters the eye

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12
Q

what is the function of the lens?

A

focuses the light onto retina

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13
Q

what is the function of the retina ?

A

responsible for colour and bright light

uses light receptors called cones and rods

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14
Q

what is the function of the rod receptors ?

A

provide side vision and sight in dim light

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15
Q

what is the function of the cone receptors ?

A

provide coloured vision and sharp central vision

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16
Q

what is a synapse?

A

located in the CNS
gap between neurons which passes electrical messages or chemical signals
works with neurotransmitters
reaction time depends on how fast signals are passed

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17
Q

Depressants

A

slows brain activity / slow reaction time

examples - alcohol, solvents and temazepam

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18
Q

Stimulants

A

increases brain activity / faster reaction time

examples - nicotine, caffeine, ecstasy

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19
Q

what is the function of the optic nerve ?

A

carries impulses from the receptors (cones and rods) to the brain

20
Q

Bright light, what happens to the eye?

A

pupils constrict, letting in less light to protect the eye
circular muscles contract
radial muscles relax

21
Q

Dim light, what happens to the eye?

A

pupils dilate, letting in more light to see better
circular muscles relax
radial muscles contract

22
Q

what is accommodation ?

A

changing the shape of the lens to see distant/near objects

23
Q

what happens to the eye to look at distant objects…

A

ciliary muscles relax, allowing the suspensory ligaments to pull tight
this makes the lens go thin (less curved)

24
Q

what happens to the eye to look at close objects…

A

ciliary muscles contract, slackening the suspensory ligaments
this makes the lens become fat (more curved)

25
Q

why are some people long sighted ?

A

unable to focus on close objects as cornea or lens doesn’t bend light enough / eyeball is too short
near objects are brought into focus behind retina

26
Q

why are some people short sighted ?

A

unable to focus on distant objects as cornea or lens bends light too much / eyeball is too long
distant objects are brought into focus in front retina

27
Q

what are hormones ?

A

chemicals sent in the blood (carried in blood plasma)
slow message time
act for a long time and in a general area

28
Q

ADH
source -
role -
effects -

A

ADH
source - pituitary gland (brain)
role - controls water content
effects - increases permeability of collecting ducts (kidney nephrons)

29
Q

Adrenaline
source -
role -
effects -

A

Adrenaline
source - adrenal glands (on top of kidneys)
role - readies body for ‘fight or flight’ response
effects - increases heart rate, blood flow to muscles and blood sugar levels

30
Q

Insulin
source -
role -
effects -

A

Insulin
source - pancreas
role - helps control blood sugar level
effects - stimulates liver to turn glucose into glycogen for storage

31
Q

Testosterone
source -
role -
effects -

A

Testosterone
source - testes
role - main male sex hormone
effects - promotes male secondary characteristics e.g. facial hair

32
Q

Progesterone
source -
role -
effects -

A

Progesterone
source - ovaries
role - supports pregnancy
effects - maintains lining of uterus

33
Q

Oestrogen
source -
role -
effects -

A

Oestrogen
source - ovaries
role - main female sex hormone
effects - controls menstrual cycle and promotes secondary sexual characteristics e.g. widening hips

34
Q

what are Nerves ?

A

very fast message time
act for a short time
act on a very precise area

35
Q

define homoeostasis

A

control of constant internal conditions

36
Q

what are the ways water is lost from the body

A

through the skin as sweat
via the lungs as breath
via the kidneys as urine

37
Q

what is body temperature ?

how is it controlled?

A

37°C as this is the optimum temp for enzymes
brain is sensitive to blood temp and receives messages about the skin temp
CNS activates effectors to make body temp right

38
Q

define thermoregulation

A

process that allows your body to keep at its core internal temperature

39
Q

what happens to body when Too hot ?

A

sweating - evaporates, transferring heat to environment
distillation - blood vessels near surface widen, so more blood to flows, to radiate more heat to surroundings
hairs lie flat - lets heat escape

40
Q

what happens to body when Too cold ?

A

hair stick up - trap air in
shiver - movement in muscles generate heat
vasoconstriction - blood vessels constrict so less heat radiates to surroundings

41
Q

smaller organisms cool down…

why?

A

quicker

larger surface area to volume ratio so can lose / gain heat faster

42
Q

larger organisms cool down…

why?

A

slower

smaller surface area to volume ratio so loses/gains heat slower

43
Q

what are auxins?

how do they work?

A

plant hormones which controls growth at the tips of shoots / roots
diffuses backwards to stimulate cell elongation
promotes growth in tips, inhibits growth in roots
involved with geotropism and phototropism

44
Q

describe positive phototropism

A

growth towards light caused by more auxin on shaded side so grows more that side, bending towards light
occurs in tips and maximises light for photosynthesis

45
Q

describe negative phototropism

A

growth away from light

occurs usually in roots to prevent them drying out

46
Q

describe negative geotropism

A

growth away from gravity, usually to find light

more auxin produced on lower side, pushing it upwards (occurs in tip)

47
Q

describe when positive geotropism would be used

A

growth towards gravity usually in roots to find moisture

Biology by Thaidz (10 decks)

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