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Biology by Thaidz > Human Nutrition > Flashcards

Human Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What elements do carbohydrates contain?

Describe carbohydrates molecules

A

contain hydrogen, carbon, oxygen

Starch / glycogen are large complex molecules made from smaller units like glucose / maltose

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2
Q

Enzyme and break down product of maltose

A

Enzyme - maltase

Break down product - glucose

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3
Q

Enzyme and break down product of starch

A

Enzyme - amylase

Break down product - maltose

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4
Q

Enzyme and break down product of proteins

A

Enzyme - protease

Break down product - amino acids

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5
Q

Enzyme and break down product of lipids

A

Enzyme - lipase

Break down product - fatty acids and glycerol

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6
Q

What are proteins made up of?

What elements do they contain?

A

made up of amino acids

contain oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen

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7
Q

What are lipids made up of?

What elements do they contain?

A

built from fatty acids and glycerol

contain hydrogen, oxygen, carbon

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8
Q

Describe the test for glucose

A

add Benedict’s solution to a sample
heat sample
sample will turn blue - green - yellow - orange - brick red

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9
Q

Carbohydrates
Found in :
Function :

A

Carbohydrates
Found in : pasta, rice
Function : provide energy

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10
Q

Lipids
Found in :
Function :

A

Lipids
Found in : butter, oily fish
Function : provide energy, energy store and insulation

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11
Q

Proteins
Found in :
Function :

A

Proteins
Found in : meat, fish
Function : growth and repair tissue, emergency energy

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12
Q

Vitamin A
Found in :
Function :

A

Vitamin A
Found in : liver
Function : improve vision, healthy skin/hair

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13
Q

Vitamin C
Found in :
Function :

A

Vitamin C
Found in : Oranges
Function : prevent scurvy

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14
Q

Vitamin D
Found in :
Function :

A

Vitamin D
Found in : eggs, made by body when sunlight exposed
Function : calcium absorption

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15
Q

Mineral Ion Calcium
Found in :
Function :

A

Mineral Ion Calcium
Found in : milk, cheese
Function :make bones and teeth

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16
Q

Mineral Ion Iron
Found in :
Function :

A

Mineral Ion Iron
Found in : red meat
Function : makes haemoglobin for healthy blood

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17
Q

Water
Found in :
Function :

A

Water
Found in : food and drink
Function : needed for every bodily function

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18
Q

Fibre
Found in :
Function :

A

Fibre
Found in : wholemeal bread
Function : aids movement of food through gut

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19
Q

what is a balanced diet ?

A

gives all essential nutrients in right proportions

20
Q

what are the six essential nutrients ?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water (fibre)

21
Q

what are the factors of energy requirements?

A

activity level - active people need more energy
age - children and teens need lots of energy to grow
pregnancy - as they need to provide for baby

22
Q

what is calorimetry ?

A

measuring energy food contains by burning it

23
Q

where is bile made/stored/used?

A

produced in liver

stored in gall bladder, then released into small intestine

24
Q

what is another word for gut ?

A

alimentary canal

25
Q

what is the function of the mouth?

A

salivary glands produce amylase enzymes in saliva

teeth break down food mechanically

26
Q

what is the oesophagus ?

A

muscular tube that connects mouth to stomach

27
Q

what is the function of the liver ?

A

produces bile

28
Q

what is the function of the gall bladder?

A

stores bile

29
Q

what is the function of the large intestine ?

A

absorbs excess water from food

30
Q

what is the function of the Anus ?

A

removes undigested material (faeces)

31
Q

what is the function of the stomach ?

A

pummels food with muscular walls
produces the protease enzyme, pepsin
produces hydrocloric acid to kill bacteria and give right pH for pepsin to work (pH 2)

32
Q

what is the function of the pancreas?

A

produces enzymes (protease, amylase, lipase) which are released into small intestine

33
Q

what is the function of the small intestine ?

A 
produces enzymes (lipase, protease, amylase) to complete digestion 
absorbs nutrients into body
34
Q

what is peristalsis ?

how does it work?

A

way food is moved through gut

muscular tissue along alimentary canal which uses waves of circular muscle to move food, or else it would get clogged up

35
Q

what are the five main stages of digestion ?

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion

36
Q

what is ingestion?

A

intake of food (drink) in mouth

37
Q

what does digestion do?

how does it do it?

A

break-down of large, insoluble molecules to small, soluble molecules to be absorbed
mechanical - teeth and stomach muscles
chemical - enzymes and bile

38
Q

what is absorption ?

give 2 examples of absorption

A

process of moving molecules through walls of intestines into blood
digested food absorbed in small intestine
water absorbed in large intestine

39
Q

what is assimilation ?

A

absorbed digested molecules move into body cells

40
Q

what is egestion ?

A

removal of undigested material through the anus

41
Q

how is the small intestine adapted to absorb food?

A

walls covered in millions of tiny villi
each cell on surface of villus has its own micro villi
this increases surface area - able to absorb more
villi have permeable layer and good blood supply so quick absorption

42
Q

what are the functions of bile?

A

bile is alkaline so neutralises acid (enzyme optimum pH)

bile also emulsifies (breaks down) fat - bigger surface area so faster digestion

43
Q

Explain how insulin controls the level of glucose in the blood

A

The pancreas secretes a hormone called insulin when glucose levels are too high in the blood. The liver is the target organ, which turns excess glucose into glycogen. When the blood sugar level returns to normal, negative feedback turns the secretion of insulin off

44
Q

energy in food (J) =

A

mass of water (g) x water temp change x 4.2

45
Q

energy per gram of food (J/g) =

A

energy (J) / mass (J)

Biology by Thaidz (10 decks)

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