respiration and circulation

Question 1

how do single celled organisms differ from eukaryotic ones in terms of respiration?

Answer 1

prokayotes use diffusion to work of O2 whereas eukaryotes use O2 for atp production to work

Question 2

what is bulk flow

Answer 2

this is used by larger eukaryotes, this is done by moving O2 across a respiratory surface to diffuse O2 into another place for example lungs into blood.

Question 3

what is active ventilation

Answer 3

this is the use of suction or positive pressure, this uses metabolic energy.

Question 4

how do fish use ventilation?

Answer 4

fish use unidirectional respiration and have a countercurrent bloodflow, water passes through gills in one direction and blood flows through the gills in the opposite this is done for efficient diffusion of oxygen from the water to the blood.

Question 5

what is passive ventilation

Answer 5

this is the use of environment to induce gas exchange

Question 6

what is tidal ventilation?

Answer 6

this is breathing in and out the same way.

Question 7

what are alveolar sacs?

Answer 7

these are sacs in the lungs that hold oxygen, these are never truly emptied there is never a perfect exchange, lungs.

Question 8

how do birds respirate?

Answer 8

these use unidirectional ventilation since their lungs are rigid and don’t inflate:
inhalation -> posterior air sacs -> first exhalation -> lungs -> second inhalation -> o2 depleted air into anterior air sacs -> second exhalation -> air out of anterior air sacs

Question 9

what receptors allow the activation of respiratory muscles?

Answer 9

the chemoreceptors in the brain detect CO2 and H+, and the carotid and aortic bodies detect O2 and H+.

Question 10

what is circulation bulk flow?

Answer 10

this is O2 and CO2 transported by the circulatory system
needs an increase in pressure of the fluid in one part of the body.
there are three main components: fluid (blood), system of tubes (capillaries), and pumps.

Question 11

what is hemolymph?

Answer 11

this is what invertebrates have with an open circulatory system, (almost the same as blood but slightly different)

Question 12

how are terrestrial vertebrates different from birds and mammals?

Answer 12

they have hearts evolved separated from circulatory system to make gas exchange more efficient.
they also have higher metabolic rate and greater activity

Question 13

how are birds and mammals different from terrestrial vertebrates

Answer 13

they have discrete circuits separated from a pulmonary side and systemic side
this increases the amount of oxygenated blood to tissues and increases the uptake of O2.