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bio 364 > respiration 5 > Flashcards

respiration 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

lung compliance and elastance

A
  • compliance is how easily the lungs stretch during inhalation
  • elastance is ease of returning to shape on exhalation
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2
Q

surfactants

A
  • surface tension in alveolar fluid lowers compliance

- reduces surface tension by disrupting cohesive forces between water molecules

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3
Q

resistance increases/decreases with…

A

increases with length and viscosity

descreases with radius

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4
Q

airway resistance and diameter

A

as diameter increases, resistance decreases, and vice versa

  • higher resistance requires more work/energy
  • diameter is affect by nervous system , hormones, and paracrine messengers
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5
Q

bronchoconstriction

A

caused by parasympathetic nerve stimulation and histamine

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6
Q

bronchodilation

A

caused by sympathetic nerve stim, epinephrine, high CO2, and corticosteroids

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7
Q

dead space

A

air that does not participate in gas exchange

anatomical: volume of trachea and bronchi
alveolar: volume of alveoli that is not perfused

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8
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air moved in one normal ventilatory cycle

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9
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

volume of air that enters alveoli with each resp cycle

aka VA=VT-VD

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10
Q

inspired reserve volume (IRV)

A

max inspiration beyond normal tidal volume

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11
Q

inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

VT plus IRV

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12
Q

expired reserve volume (ERV)

A

max expiration beyond normal tidal volume

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13
Q

vital capacity VC

A

VT+IRV+ERV

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14
Q

residual volume RV

A

never expired or measured

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15
Q

total lung capacity TLC

A

Vt+IRV+ERV+RV or VC+RV

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16
Q

ventilation-perfusion matching

A

efficient gas exchange at resp surface requires match of vent and blood flow, at a ratio of Va/Q; alveolar ventilation vs rate of flow
-arterioles dilate or constrict to distribute blood to well ventilated alveoli

17
Q

O2 transport, Metalloproteins

A
  • respiratory pigments used to increase oxygen carrying capacity by up to 50x
  • proteins contain metal ions which reversibly bind to oxygen
  • at tissue surface low PO2 in blood causes release of O2 down its gradient
18
Q

metalloproteins

A

3 types: hemoglobins, hemocyanins, and hemerythrins

19
Q

hemoglobins

A
  • globin protein bound to heme molecule that contains iron
  • usually within blood cells
  • appear red when oxygenated
  • myoglobin is type of hemoglobin found in muscles
  • found in vertebrates, nematodes, crustaceans, and insects
20
Q

hemocyanins

A
  • found in arthropods and molluscs
  • contain COPPER, not heme
  • dissolved in hemolymph and appears blue when oxygenated
21
Q

hemerythrins

A

found in brachiopods and some annelids

  • contains iron directly bound to protein, no heme involved
  • ususaly inside coleomic cells or muscle cells
  • appears violet-pink when oxygented
22
Q

oxygen loading

A

amount of oxygen stored on hemoglobin determind via:

  1. amount of pressure oxygen can bring to bear on the system/how much O2 is being loaded=PO22 of the plasma
  2. the affinity/ability of the carrier (hemoglobin) to carry O2=Hb=oxygen affinity of hemoglobin
23
Q

oxygen loading and PO2 of envrionment/plasma

A

high PO2 favours loading, low favours unloading

24
Q

oxygen loading and Hb affinity

A

high affinity favours loading, low affinity favours unloading

25
Q

hyperbolic oxygen equilibrium graphs

A

found in myoglobin because each oxygen binds independently

26
Q

sigmoidal oxygen equil graphs

A

sigmoidal because of cooperativity; hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen since more oxygen bind to its heme

27
Q

factors that affect hb affinity

A

pH, pCO2, aka the bohr and root effects

-temperature effect and organic modulators

28
Q

bohr effect

A

higher pH, fewer H+, minimal CO2, and O2 its taken up more easily at resp surface

  • low pH lots of H+ and CO2 allows O2 more easily released at tissues
  • bohr effect is a decreased affinity due to increased CO2
29
Q

root effect

A

increased H+/decreased pH decreases affinity

30
Q

temperature shift

A

higher temp indicates more active tissues, thus O2 affinity must decrease to move more O2 to tissues

31
Q

organic modulators

A

act as allosteric regulators, they affect the function of a protein by binding to the non-active sties
-can be activators or inhibitors
-important in control loops
ie 2,3-DPG in mammals and reptiles lowers Hb affinity

bio 364 (24 decks)

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