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bio 364 > Osmoregulation 2 > Flashcards

Osmoregulation 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

epithelial tissues

A
  • form boundry btw animal and environment
  • external=skin
  • internal=lumen of digestive system and excretory systems
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2
Q

specialized epithelial tissues for water and ion regulation found in the…

A

kidney!

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3
Q

animals change flux of water across epithelial tissues by mediating…

A

permeability of integument

-ie. number of aquaporin proteins open

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4
Q

animals reduce water flux on external surface via

A
  • layer of hydrophobic molecues

- in the form of mucus, cuticle with chitin, keratonocytes, or stratum corneum with keratin

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5
Q

mucus

A
  • lipoprotein mixture
  • primarily found in lungs and GI
  • also on skin of semiaquatic animals (frogs, etc)
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6
Q

cuticle

A
  • main component is CHITIN (polysaccharide)
  • ie arthropod exoskeleton, sometimes used for locomotion attachment
  • covers all surfaces, including gut and trachea
  • can be many different layers
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7
Q

keratinocytes

A

-terrestrial amphibians and amniotes epidermal layer

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8
Q

stratum corneum

A
  • amniotes and tetrapods have this extra layer over keratinocytes
  • keratinocytes that have differentiated into corneocytes
  • eventually produces the envelope stratum corneum “cornified”
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9
Q

epithelial properties for ion movement

A
  • asymmetrical distribution of membrane transporters
  • cells interconnected to form impermeable sheet of tissue
  • high cell diversity within tissue (specialized for transport or structural support)
  • abundant mitochondria
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10
Q

asymmetrical distribution of membrane transporters

A
  • solutes selectively transported across membrane depending on needs
  • transport proteins stay in place in membrane (do not migrate)
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11
Q

cells interconnected forming impermeable sheet of tissue

A
  • little leakage btw cells
  • restricts movement of membrane proteins
  • 2 paths of transport, transcellular and paracellular
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12
Q

transcellular transport vs. paracellular

A
  • aka leaky vs tight
  • trans=movement through the cell across membranes (usually via channels or aquaporins)
  • para=movement between cells gap junctions
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13
Q

digestive epithelia

A
  • water and salts from drinking and food transported across digestive epithelium’s high surface area
  • transcellular and paracelluluar transport involved (both directions)
  • absorbed water and salts enter blood
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14
Q

types of transporters

A

-ATPases (ie Na+/K+ atpase)
-ion channels (Cl-, K+, Na+)
-electroneutral cotransporters
-electroneutral exchangers
(pg 66-72)

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15
Q

abundant mitochondria

A

-largue supply of ATP for ATPases

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16
Q

specialized fish gills

A
  • gills possess ion-pumping cells that cause net uptake of Na and Cl in freshwater and net export in seawater
  • gill lamellae composed of mitochondria-rich chloride cells (PNA+)
  • pavement cells (PNA-)
17
Q

problems of fish cells

A

direction of ion transport depends on water salinity, so…

  • salinity gradient changes with life history phase
  • transporters are “fixed” in membrane
  • transporters are expensive to maintain
18
Q

saltwater-freshwater transitions

A

because salinity forces direction of ion transport, salinity gradients may change during life phase transitions
catadromous=fresh to salt when spawning
anadromous=salt to fresh when spawning
-accomplished by hormone-controlled genetic expression of different ion transport fuctions of epithelia

19
Q

salt glands

A
  • reptiles and seabirds must deal with high salt burden from seawater (direct or food) they ingest, but can’t afford to dilute with water/urine (also problem for desert animals)
  • solution: salt glands=near eyes, drain into ducts that empty near nostrils, excreting hyperosmotic solutions of Na and Cl, removing large amounts of salt in small volume of water
  • produced by ion pumps and countercurrent multiplier
20
Q

rectal glands

A
  • accessory organ in elasmobranhs
  • empties into digestive tract
  • active transport of Na and Cl from blood into lumen of gland, similar ion transport to gills and salt glands
  • controlled by atrial natriuretic hormone
21
Q

rectal gland pathway

A

change in osmotic pressure and blood vol=>release of ANH from heart=> vasocative inestinal peptide=>adenylate cyclase=>activates protein kinase a=>activates Cl-channel in membrane for Cl into gland lumen

bio 364 (24 decks)

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