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respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do we need energy?

A

stay active and we need a source a carbon

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2
Q

what is an autoroph?

A

organsims that make organic molcules from inorganic ones e.g. CO2

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3
Q

what is an heterotroph?

A

organism that feed on and digest complex organic molecules e.g. (proteins) made by another organism

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4
Q

3 metabolic processes that use ATP?

A

Active transport
endocytosis
DNA replication cell organelles

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5
Q

equation for ATP

A

ATP—> ADP+P(I)

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6
Q

what is ATP made of?

A

Adenine organic base, ribosomes make adenosine. if it has 3 phosphates its ATP (nucleotide)

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7
Q

where is ATP found?

A

produced when energy is released, can move around cell (small and water soluble), it breaks down to release energy when required, released in small packets.

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8
Q

what is the role of ATP?

A

releases energy

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9
Q

how are the first two phosphate groups released?

A

by hydrolosis

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10
Q

how much energy is released?

A

30.6 kjmol^-1

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11
Q

what can ATP be used for ?

A

metabolism

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12
Q

what can ADP attach to?

A

a phosphate during respiration and photosynthesis its reversible

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13
Q

why are small packets released?

A

to not damage the cell

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14
Q

respiration formula

A

C6H1206 + 6O2 —-> 6O2 + 6H20 + energy

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15
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

Formation of ATP from ADP + P during glycolysis + Krebs cycle

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16
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

formation of ATP, in presence of oxygen by chemiosmosis

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17
Q

what is chemiosomosis?

A

flow of H ions (protons) through ATP synthase enzymes

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18
Q

what are 4 stages of respiration?

A

Glycolysis
link reaction
krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

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19
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

in cytoplasm

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20
Q

where does link reaction occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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21
Q

where does krebs cycle occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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22
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

on staked cristae particles

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23
Q

what is oxidation?

A

loss of electrons
loss of H atoms
gain of O atom

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24
Q

what is reduction?

A

gain of electrons
gain of H atoms
loss of O atoms

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25
Q

what are enzymes not good at?

A

oxidation/reduction so coenzymes carry H atoms between stages

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26
Q

Glycolysis what is Glucose (6C) turned into?

A

Pyruvate (3C)

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27
Q

what is stage 1 of glycolysis?

A

Glucose is turned into hexose phosphate then it is turned into hexose 1,6 - biphosphate. each time ATP is hydrolysed

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28
Q

what happens in stage 2 of glycolysis?

A

hexose 1,6 - biphosphate is turned into 2x triose phosphate

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29
Q

what happens in stage 3 of glycolysis?

A

2x triose phosphate is turned into intermediates and 2 ATP is produced. involves oxidation with dehydrogenase enzymes.

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30
Q

what happens in stage 4 of glycolysis?

A

intermediates turn into 2x pyruvate, 2ATP are produced.

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31
Q

what is the net yield of ATP in glycolysis?

A

total 4 formed

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32
Q

how is ATP formed in glycolysis?

A

by substrate level phosphorylation

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33
Q

what is NAD turned into in glycolysis?

A

2NADH

34
Q

role of pyruvate hydrogenase in link reaction?

A

removes H from pyruvate

35
Q

role of pyruvate decarboxylase?

A

removes carboxy group, becomes CO2

36
Q

stage 1 of link reaction?

A

pyruvate 3C pumped into matrix

37
Q

stage 2 of link reaction?

A

CO2 removed ( carboxylation) catalysed by pyruvate decarboxylase, acetate is formed

38
Q

stage 3 of link reaction?

A

coenzyzme NAD accepts 2H from pyruvate forming NADH catalysed by pyruvate dehydrogenase.

39
Q

stage 4 of link reaction?

A

Acetate (2C) combines with coenzyme A form acetyle coenzyme A

40
Q

what is not produced in link reaction?

A

ATP

41
Q

where does krebs cycle occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix - series of enzyme catalysed reactions

42
Q

how is what is acetate 2C offloaded from?

A

CoA (can return to link reaction)

43
Q

how does acetate 2C form citrate 6C?

A

combines with oxaloacetatae 4C

44
Q

how does citrate 6C form 5C intermediate?

A

it is decarboxylated (CO2 removed) and dehydrogenated (2H removed)

45
Q

what happens to 4C intermediate when it is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated?

A

forms 4C intermediate and molecule of NADH

46
Q

what happens to the first 4C intermediate ?

A

it releases energy used to form ATP from ADP +P substrate level phosphorylation

47
Q

what happens to the second 4C intermediate?

A

it is dehydrogenated coewnzyme FAD accepts H pair is reduced.

48
Q

what happens to the third intermediate?

A

it is dehydrogenated H accepted producing NADH

49
Q

what is the end stage of krebs cycle?

A

oxaloacetate is regenerated to form another acetate

50
Q

what is produced at each turn of krebs cycle?

A

2CO2, 1 reduced - pass to electron transport chain, 3 reduced NAD - pass to electron transport, 1 ATP

51
Q

how many turns per glucose molecule are there?

A

2

52
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

formation of ATP by adding inorganic phosphate to ADP with oxygen present

53
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

mitochondrial membrane

54
Q

why is the membrane folded?

A

to increase surface area for electron carriers and ATP synthase enzymes

55
Q

how are many H atoms generated?

A

from glycolysis and krebs cycle

56
Q

how are the carriers reduced?

A

FAD and NAD accept the hydrogen they are reduced

57
Q

where is NADH and FADH passed?

A

to the electron transport chain, coenzymes are reoxidised

58
Q

what is NAD and FAD changed into?

A

split into H+ ions and e-

59
Q

how does the electron reach the oxygen?

A

flows along electron carriers In series of oxidation reactions

60
Q

where are H ions taken from?

A

the matrix solution to reduce oxygen to water

61
Q

what is the final electron acceptor?

A

oxygen

62
Q

how is energy lost?

A

pass along carriers energy is released, some is lost as heat sometimes enough is released to pump protons into intermembrane space

63
Q

what is chemiosmosis?

A

flow of protons across inner mitochondrial membrane, coupled to generation of ATP in respiration

64
Q

when is majority of ATP made?

A

during oxidative phosphorylation

65
Q

why is energy released from electron transport chain?

A

to pump H ions from matrix into intermembrane space

66
Q

what does a build up of H ions in intermembrane space cause?

A

forms electro chemical gradient and a pH gradient

67
Q

how do the H ions flow back into the matrix?

A

only through protein channels associated with ATP synthase, down an electrochemical gradient

68
Q

how does proton motive force occur?

A

its the kinetic energy from the drive rotation as part of enzyme join ADP + inorganic phosphate form ATP

69
Q

what increases the proton motive force?

A

more protons

70
Q

total yield of ATP during aerobic resperation?

A

around 30 however rarely happens due to ATP being used during the process

71
Q

what cant occur in anaerobic respiration due to lack of oxygen?

A

electron transport chain cant function, oxidative phosphorylation cant occur, krebs cycle and link reaction stop

72
Q

why can glycolysis continue?

A

because it doesn’t need oxygen

73
Q

how many ATP are produced in glycolysis?

A

2

74
Q

what is recycled during glycolysis?

A

NAD, its released form NADH it accepts more H glycolysis continues

75
Q

what happens in eukaryotes?

A

ethanol fermentation, pyruvate is decarboxylated form ethanal CO2 removed, catalysed by pyruvate decarboxylase, ethanal accepts H forming NADH reduced to ethanol. catalysed by ethanol hydrogenase. NAD can be reused in glycolysis

76
Q

what happens in lactate fermentation?

A

pyruvate converted to lactate, pyruvate accepts H from NADH this is catalysed by lactate de hydrogenase, NAD reused in glycolysis

77
Q

how can lactate pathway be reversed?

A

when O2 is present.

78
Q

where is lactate carried to?

A

liver in blood it is oxidised back into pyruvate

79
Q

what can pyruvate enter?

A

the krebs cycle via link reaction which produces ATP or converted in glucose and then glycogen for storage

80
Q

how does muscle fatigue occur?

A

not always by lactate also by pH reduction

81
Q

why is anaerobic not as effective as aerobic?

A

less ATP formed no krebs cycle or oxidative phosphorylation, energy remains in lactate, incomplete oxidation

Biology (9 decks)

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