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Cell Membranes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does non-polar mean?

A

lipid soluble

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2
Q

what does polar mean?

A

water soluble

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3
Q

what are living cells surrounded by?

A

plasma membrane

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4
Q

what does the plasma membrane do?

A

separates contents of the cell

cell recognition/signalling

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5
Q

what does plasma membrane hold?

A

components of some metabolic pathways

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6
Q

what does plasma membrane regulate?

A

materials in and out of the cell

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7
Q

how permeable is the membrane?

A

partially

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8
Q

what is in the plasma membrane?

A 
phospholipids
proteins
cholesterol
glycolipid
glycoprotein
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9
Q

what is polar in phospholipid?

A

hydrophilic head

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10
Q

what is non polar in phospholipid?

A

hydrophobic head

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11
Q

what do phospholipids form?

A

bilayer

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12
Q

how many layers of phospholipids are there?

A

2 layers

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13
Q

how thick is the bilayer?

A

5nm

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14
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model?

A

fluid - individual phospholipids/proteins can move freely through diffusion
mosaic - patter created by scattered protein molecules

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15
Q

what does rising temp do to the membrane?

A

gives molecules more kinetic energy - makes membrane leaky increasing permeability

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16
Q

what are extrinsic proteins?

A

proteins that embed in just outer or inner layer

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17
Q

what are intrinsic proteins?

A

proteins that span the two layers

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18
Q

what do hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of protein molecule it next to?

A

hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of phospholipid ensures proteins stay in the membrane

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19
Q

what are glycolipids?

A

phospholipids with carbohydrate chains attached

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20
Q

what are glycoproteins?

A

proteins with carbohydrate chains attached

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21
Q

what else does the membrane contain?

A

cholesterol molecules

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22
Q

what do phospholipids form?

A

bilayer

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23
Q

what do phospholipids allow?

A

lipid soluble substances in and out of the cell

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24
Q

what do phospholipids prevent?

A

water soluble substances getting in or out of the cell

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25
Q

what does cholesterol reduce?

A

side-side movement of phospholipids in the bilayer

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26
Q

what does cholesterol regulate?

A

fluidity

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27
Q

what does cholesterol prevent?

A

prevents ion/ water leakage

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28
Q

what does cholesterol maintain?

A

the mechanical stability of the cell

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29
Q

what can proteins act as?

A

channels for polar substances

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30
Q

what can proteins work as?

A

enzymes

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31
Q

what do proteins form?

A

receptor sites for molecules

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32
Q

function of proteins?

A

cell adhesion

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33
Q

what must transport proteins use?

A

ATP due to it being active movement

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34
Q

what do glycolipids form?

A

molecule binding sites

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35
Q

what do glycolipids maintain?

A

membrane stability

36
Q

what do glycolipids have a role in?

A

cell attachment

37
Q

what is a glycoprotein?

A

receptor site for hormones/ neurotransmitters

38
Q

what do glycoproteins have a role in?

A

cell adhesion and cell signalling, intercellular lubrication

39
Q

what do glycoproteins act as?

A

antigens - cells can recognise

40
Q

how do cells communicate?

A

with signals such as hormones/ nuerotransmitters/ cytokenesis

41
Q

what must cells be able to detect?

A

signals involved in growth, development, movement, excretion

42
Q

how is communication most often done?

A

by hormones

43
Q

what is the target cell?

A

cell with receptor site for the hormone - complementary shape

44
Q

what happens when signal cell binds?

A

a response occurs

45
Q

what is passive transport?

A

no energy is required

46
Q

three methods of passive transport?

A

Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis

47
Q

what is active transport?

A

energy is required

48
Q

two methods of active transport?

A

Active Transport

Bulk Transport

49
Q

what is diffusion?

A

net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

50
Q

where do molecules move in diffusion?

A

down a concentration gradient, molecules have kinetic energy so move randomly - passive

51
Q

Factors that determine diffusion rate?

A

steepness of conc gradient - steeper more diffusion
Temp - increase temp more kinetic energy
Surface Area - increased surface area
Type of molecule that is diffusing - large molecules diffuse slower, non polar molecules diffuse slower

52
Q

Three molecules that can diffuse through ?

A

oxygen - non polar
CO2 - polar but small
water - polar but very small

53
Q

what can diffuse through the bilayer?

A

large polar molecules e.g. glucose Na+ cant

54
Q

how do they get through the bi layer?

A

use a channel or carrier protein often complementary to one molecule - passive

55
Q

what is osmosis?

A

diffusion of water molecules down a water potential gradient from area of high water potential to area of low water potential across partially permeable membrane

56
Q

what is water potential?

A

tendency of water molecules to move from one place to another

57
Q

water potential of pure water?

A

0

58
Q

what is equilibrium?

A

when water potential on both sides is equal

59
Q

what do solutes make?

A

negative water potential

60
Q

animal cell placed in solution of high water potential?

A

water enters by osmosis down water potential gradient - cell bursts lysis

61
Q

animal cell placed in equal water potential?

A

no net movement of water by osmosis

62
Q

animal cell placed in lower water potential?

A

water leaves by osmosis down water potential gradient all shrivel- crenated

63
Q

plant cell in solution of high water potential?

A

water enters by osmosis down water potential gradient, cell becomes turgid doesn’t burst due to cell wall

64
Q

plant cell in solution of equal water potential?

A

no net movement of water

65
Q

plant cell placed in solution of low water potential?

A

water leaves by osmosis down water potential gradient, protoplast shrivels plasmolysis occurs when membrane pulls away from wall

66
Q

what is active transport against?

A

concentration gradient, low-high concentration gradient

67
Q

what does active transport use?

A

energy supplied by ATP

68
Q

what is involved in active transport?

A

carrier proteins

69
Q

what are carrier proteins?

A

complementary in the molecule it transports

70
Q

what is active transport faster than?

A

diffusion

71
Q

what is active transport similar to?

A

facilitated diffusion It uses proteins in cell membrane

72
Q

why is active transport different to facilitated diffusion?

A

it is against a concentration gradient and requires energy

73
Q

how is energy supplied?

A

by ATP formed by aerobic respiration in the mitochondria

74
Q

what is bulk transport?

A

move large quantities of material in or out of the cell

75
Q

what does bulk transport require?

A

requires energy

76
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

bulk transport of material into a cell

77
Q

what is exocyctosis?

A

bulk transport of material out of a cell

78
Q

what is bulk uptake of solids?

A

endophagocytosis

79
Q

what is bulk uptake of liquids?

A

endopinocytosis

80
Q

what happens in stage 1 of exocytosis?

A

vesicle moves towards plasma membrane

81
Q

what happens in stage 2 of exocytosis?

A

vesicle joins plasma membrane

82
Q

what happens in stage 3 of exocytosis?

A

vesicle contents is released vesicle membrane becomes part of plasma membrane

83
Q

what happens in stage 1 of endocytosis?

A

cell spreads around object or area outside cell in solution

84
Q

what happens in stage 2 of endocytosis?

A

area enclosed becomes vesicle

85
Q

what happens in stage 3 of endocytosis?

A

contents of vesicle absorbed into cytoplasm vesicle membrane is recycled

Biology (9 decks)

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