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Biology > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does each cell have?

A

pair of chromosomes one inherited from each parent

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2
Q

name of two chromosomes that carry the same genes?

A

Homologous chromosomes

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3
Q

significance of mitosis?

A

replacement of cells and tissue repair

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4
Q

what is every cell derived from?

A

the zygote previously formed by two gametes fused, divides until a multi cellular organism is formed

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5
Q

what is Asexual reproduction?

A

production of new species by a parent organism e.g. bacteria

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6
Q

what else can happen in multi cellular organisms?

A

new individual can bud off from parent, vegetative propagation

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7
Q

what must happen before mitosis?

A

DNA must replicate this is in Interphase, chromosomes aren’t visible , period of high metabolic activity. DNA content is doubling

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8
Q

stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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9
Q

what happens in Prophase ? mitosis

A

chromosomes shorten and thicken, become visible, comprise of 2 chromatids joined at centromere. centrioles in cytoplasm move to poles, spindle fibres are made of microtubules, nucleus disappears and the nuclear membrane disintegrates

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10
Q

what happens in metaphase? mitosis

A

chromosomes arrange at equator attach to spindle fibres at centromere fibres contract and pull chromatids slightly apart.

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11
Q

what happens in Anaphase? mitosis

A

spindle fibres shorten cause 2 chromatids to separate migrate to opposite poles, energy for contraction provided by ATP

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12
Q

what happens in Telophase? mitosis

A

chromatids arrive at poles nuclear envelope forms around chromatids, uncoil become invisisble - spindle fibres disintegrate nucleolus reforms in each new nucleus

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13
Q

what happens in mitosis in animals?

A

constriction of cell as cell divides

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14
Q

what happens at the end of mitosis?

A

cell division or cytokinesis occurs

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15
Q

what is a haploid cell?

A

cell with 1 set of chromosomes

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16
Q

stages of meiosis?

A 
interphase
E prophase 1
M prophase 1
L prophase 1
metaphase 1
anaphase 1
telophase 1
prophase 2
metaphase 2
anaphase 2
telophase 2
cytokenisis
17
Q

what happens in interphase?

A

DNA replicates, centrioles replicate

18
Q

what happens in E prophase 1?

A

chromosomes shorten and become visible, made of 2 identical sister chromatids joined by centromere, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles move towards poles

19
Q

what happens in m prophase 1?

A

each homologous chromosome pair come together form bivalent, called synapsis

20
Q

what happens in L prophase 1?

A

chromatids from homologous chromosomes cross over at chiasmata, sections of chromatids are swapped

21
Q

what happens in metaphase 1?

A

bivalents arrange on equator of spindle, independent assortment, they attach to spindle fibres by centromeres

22
Q

what happens in anaphase 1?

A

homologous pairs of chromosomes separate and 1 of each pair, pulled by spindle fibres towards poles

23
Q

what happens in telophase 1?

A

cells divide, the nuclear and nucleolus reform, this doesn’t occur in plants they go straight to metaphase 2

24
Q

what happens in prophase 2?

A

nuclear envelope breaks down and disappears, centrioles replicate and move to poles. chromosomes shorten and thicken

25
Q

what happens in Metaphase 2?

A

chromosomes arrange across the equator

26
Q

what happens in anaphase 2?

A

centromeres divide chromatids pulled apart by spindle fibres

27
Q

what happens in telophase 2?

A

nuclear envelope and nucleolus reform

28
Q

what happens in cytokenisis?

A

cell division occurs, tetrad of 4 haploid cells with half the chromosome number of the parent

29
Q

what is the aim of mitosis?

A

produce 4 unique gametes genetically different to parent cell

30
Q

what is mitosis?

A

sexual reproduction

31
Q

what are haploid cells?

A

one set of chromosomes, maintain chromosome number when gametes fuse

32
Q

how many deaths does cancer cause?

A

1 in 4

33
Q

what is most common cancer in men?

A

Lung cancer

34
Q

what is most common cancer in women?

A

breast cancer

35
Q

how does cancer arise?

A

uncontrolled cell division, gene mutation (oncogenes), uncontrolled mitosis tumour forms

36
Q

what are carcinogens?

A

things that cause cancer e.g ionising radiation, tar, virus infection, hereditary predisposition

Biology (9 decks)

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