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Biology > Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How thick is the Cell Surface Membrane?

A

7nm Thick

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2
Q

How many layers doe the cell surface membrane have?

A

3 layers

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3
Q

Purpose of cell surface membrane?

A

Partially permeable membrane controlling the exchange between the cell and its environment

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4
Q

what is the nucleus surrounded by?

A

2 membranes known as nuclear envelope

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5
Q

Features of Nuclear envelope

A

. tiny holes nuclear pores
contains loosely coiled chromosomes : Chromatin
Contains darker area : Nucleolus
Pores allow mRNA and ribosomes to leave and nutrients and hormones to enter

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6
Q

Functions of Nucleus

A

Controls cell activities
Chromosomes contain DNA
Nucleolus manufactures ribosomes

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7
Q

what is ER?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum: extensive system of membranes forming flattened sacks called cisternae

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8
Q

Appearance of RER?

A

has ribosomes

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9
Q

Appearance of SER?

A

no ribosomes

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10
Q

Function of RER?

A

transport proteins made by ribosomes- makes Golgi Apparatus

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11
Q

Function of SER?

A

make lipids and steroids

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12
Q

Features of Ribosomes?

A

Free in cytoplasm or on ER

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13
Q

Size of Ribosomes?

A

22nm

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14
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

RNA and protein

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15
Q

Function of Ribosomes?

A

site of protein synthesis

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16
Q

Appearance of Golgi Apparatus?

A

stack of flattened sacks : Cisternae

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17
Q

How is Golgi Apparatus formed?

A

from vesicles that bud off from RER, broken down at other end to form Golgi vesicles

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18
Q

Function of Golgi Apparatus?

A

molecules collected, processed and stored especially proteins. taken from RER put into vesicles transported around and out of the cell
Used to make lysosomes

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19
Q

Appearance of Lysosomes

A

single membrane

0.1-0.5 micromertres

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20
Q

what do lysosomes contain?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

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21
Q

Function of lysosomes?

A

Break down old organelles or cells e.g. white blood cells

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22
Q

How many membranes do mitochondria have?

A

2 called an envelope

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23
Q

why is the inner membrane of mitochondria folded?

A

To form projections called cristae

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24
Q

what’s the interior solution of the matrix called?

A

The Matrix

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25
Q

what are mitochondria involved in?

A

later stages of aerobic respiration

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26
Q

What do mitochondria make?

A

ATP involved in lipid synthesis

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27
Q

what are centrioles?

A

small hollow cylinders 0.4 micrometres in length

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28
Q

where are they found in animal cells?

A

next to the nucleus contain a ring of microtubules

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29
Q

what is the purpose of centrioles?

A

help form spindle in nuclear division

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30
Q

what is the cytoskeleton?

A

network of protein fibres

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31
Q

what does the cytoskeleton contain?

A

Actin filaments- microtubules made of tubulin around 25nm thick
also has proteins and microtubule motors using ATP

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32
Q

what is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?

A

provides cell strength

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33
Q

what does actin do?

A

helps the cell move e.g organelles and white blood cells

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34
Q

what do microtubules do?

A

move a microorganism through a liquid

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35
Q

what is the purpose of microtubule motors?

A

to move organelles

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36
Q

what is the cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose

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37
Q

what are plant cells linked by?

A

plasmadesmata - fine strands which pass through pores in plant cell walls

38
Q

what is the vacuole surrounded by?

A

a membrane called tonoplast - fluid filledcontains mineral salts, sugars, oxygen, co2, and pigment

39
Q

what does the tonoplast do?

A

controls the exchange of minerals between vacuole and cytoplasm

40
Q

what is the purpose of the vacuole?

A

provide shape and support

41
Q

how many layers does a chloroplast have?

A

2 called and envelope

42
Q

what is inside a chloroplast?

A

jelly like substance - stroma

43
Q

what do the membranes of a chloroplast do?

A

form flattened sacs called thylakoid membranes

stacked they are Grana

44
Q

what is present in stroma?

A

starch grains and lipid droplets

45
Q

purpose of chloroplasts?

A

for photosynthesis

46
Q

two eukaryotic cells?

A

Animal + Plant

47
Q

Contents of Animal cell?

A

Nucleolus, lysosome, chromatin, Golgi vesicle, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, SER, RER, Nuclear Pore, Nuclear envelope, centrioles, ribosomes.

48
Q

Contents of Plant Cell?

A

chloroplast, thylakoid, Golgi apparatus, Golgi vesicle, SER, cell wall, cell membrane, vacuole, tonoplast, ribosomes, RER, Nuclear envelope, chromatin, nuclear pore, mitochondrion

49
Q

two hair like extensions on a cell used for movement?

A

Cilia + Flagella

50
Q

what is Cilia?

A

many and short (

51
Q

what is Flagella?

A

few and long, in eukaryotes they are undulapodia and move using ATP

52
Q

what do cilia and flagella contain?

A

microtubules, nine pairs arranged in a circle

53
Q

what is the arrangement of microtubules?

A

two in central bundle 9+2 arrangement

54
Q

how do cilia and flagella move?

A

using ATP

55
Q

what is flagella associated with?

A

locomotion

56
Q

How does a sperm cell move?

A

Undulipodium forming a tail

57
Q

what is a trichomonas?

A

a parasite with long whip tail

58
Q

what is cilia associated with?

A

locomotion but sweeping motion

59
Q

what does cilia move?

A

substances such as mucus across cell surface

60
Q

what do cilia in bronchioles do?

A

sweeps mucus

61
Q

purpose of cilia in oviducts

A

sweep egg along oviduct

62
Q

Definition of magnification

A

the degree to which the size of an image is larger than the object its self

63
Q

Definition of resolution

A

the degree to which it is possible to distinguish between two objects. the higher resolution the more detail

64
Q

magnification of a light microscope

A

1500x

65
Q

resolving power of light microscope

A

200nm

66
Q

how do electron microscopes work?

A

use a beam of elcetrons: shorter wavelength than light

67
Q

how does a TEM microscope work?

A

beam passes through a sample

68
Q

how is the sample stored for TEM?

A

must be dead in a vacuum

69
Q

what type of image does TEM produce?

A

2D

70
Q

magnification of TEM microscope

A

500 000x

71
Q

resolution of TEM microscope

A

0.2nm

72
Q

how does SEM microscope work?

A

beam is reflected

73
Q

what type of image is produced with SEM?

A

3D

74
Q

Magnification of SEM

A

100 000x

75
Q

resolution of SEM

A

0.2nm

76
Q

how is sample stored for SEM

A

can be dead or alive

77
Q

Magnification 0.01m

A

1x10^-2

78
Q

what is staining?

A

a process helping to reveal features

79
Q

what type of dye can be used in light microscopes?

A

fluorescent dyes

80
Q

what are Acetic orcein stains used for?

A

DNA colours Dark Red

81
Q

what dye is used for bacterial cell walls?

A

Gentian Violet

82
Q

what stains are used in Electron microscopy?

A

Metal particles or salts

83
Q

how are dyes added in electron microscopy?

A

by computer software known as false-colour

84
Q

what does DNA contain?

A

instructions to make proteins

85
Q

where is protein synthesised?

A

Ribosomes

86
Q

where is protein transported?

A

through RER

87
Q

what happens before protein travel towards Golgi apparatus?`

A

it is pinched off in a vesicle

88
Q

what does the vesicle fuse to?

A

Golgi apparatus

89
Q

what does the Golgi apparatus do with the protein?

A

processes and packages it ready for release

90
Q

what happens after the packaged protein is pinched off?

A

it travels toward the plasma membrane

91
Q

what does the vesicle fuse with?

A

plasma membrane

92
Q

how does a protein leave a cell?

A

exocytosis

Biology (9 decks)

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