Respiration Flashcards
Detecting carbon dioxide levels:
Carbon dioxide can be detected using;
1-limewater, which turns from……to………in the presence of……………
2-hydrogen carbonate indicator (bicarbonate indicator) which turns from red/orange to…….in the………of carbon dioxide and red/orange to…….when carbon dioxide is……..
Clear
Milky white
Carbon dioxide
Yellow
Presence
Purple
Removed
What do you breathe out more of…..
You breathe out more carbon dioxide than your breathing in
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration
Glucose+oxygen->carbon dioxide+water+energy
The nasal passage is lined with small hairs. Why do you think it is better to breathe through your nose than your mouth
The hairs act like a filter so when you breathe through your nose, the hairs stop dust getting into your lungs
Why are ribs important
Because they protect the lungs
The trachea and bronchioles consist of tubes containing rings of cartilage. What is the function of these rings of cartilage
The function is to keep the trachea open
There are many small hairs called cilia lining the tubes of the bronchioles. What are they for?
They move mucus up the airways to the mouth, where it is then swallowed
List me a point to do with the diaphragm when you exhale
The diaphragm relaxes and domes back to its original shape
What happens to the intercostal muscles when you exhale
They relax
What happens to the volume in the chest cavity when you exhale
The volume in the chest cavity decreases
What happens to the ribs when you exhale
Ribs move down and in
What happens to the air pressure inside the chest cavity and lungs when you exhale
The air pressure inside the chest cavity and therefore the lungs increases above atmospheric air pressure
What happens to the air that rushes out from the higher pressure in the mouth when we exhale
Air rushes out from the higher pressure inside the mouth into the area of lower pressure in the air around us
What happens to the diaphragm when you inhale
the diaphragm contracts and flattens
What happens to the intercostal muscles when you inhale
The intercostal muscles contract
What happens to the ribs when you inhale
Ribs move up and out
What happens to the volume in the chest cavity when you inhale
The volume in the chest cavity increases
What happens to the air pressure inside the chest cavity and lungs when you inhale
the air pressure inside the chest cavity and therefore the lungs decreases below atmospheric air pressure.
What happens to the air that rushes in from the higher pressure outside the mouth when we inhale
Air rushes in from the higher pressure outside the mouth into the area of lower pressure in the lungs.
Breathing can be split up into two parts, what are they
Ventilation and gas exchange
What is the definition of ventilation
Getting air in and out of the lungs
What is the definition of gas exchange
How the gases move into or out of the blood stream
How does ventilation work
Ventilation in humans is the movement of air through the nose or mouth, down the trachea through the bronchi and bronchioles and into the alveoli of the lungs.
What does ventilation consist of
Inhaling and exhaling
What is inhaling
Breathing in
What is exhaling
Breathing out
What is the trachea
The windpipe
What is the bronchus
A branch of the trachea - one goes to each lung
What are bronchioles
Small tubes that carry air into and out of all parts of the lungs
What is the definition of alveoli
Air sacks in the lungs where gas exchange takes place
What is the thorax
The upper part of the body enclosed inside the rib cage
What is the definition of respiration
The chemical reaction that releases energy for use in all living cells
What is the definition of organ systems
A group of organs that carry out one process
What does aerobic mean
Using oxygen/in the presence of oxygen
Why do we need energy
Movement – muscle contraction
Making new chemicals
Growth and repair
Moving substances e.g. plants taking minerals in through their roots
Nervous impulses
Temperature regulation – keeping our body at 37oC.
What are the lungs covered in
A thin small membrane
What is the rib cage lined in
A thin small membrane
What is the membrane called that lines the rib cage
Plural membranes
Experiment: to show that seeds produce carbon dioxide during respiration
What happens to the limewater in the first flask
It remains clear
Experiment-to show that seeds produce carbon dioxide during respiration
Since limewater stays clear in the first flask what does this show
The air coming in, is slow in carbon dioxide
Experiment-to show that seeds produce carbon dioxide during respiration:
What happens to the limewater in the last flask
What does this tell us:
It will go milky/cloudy
There’s carbon dioxide produced by the seeds, showing they have respired
The model lung:
What does glass tube A represent
Trachea
The model lung:
What does the bell jar represent
Ribs (rib cage)
The model lung:
What does glass tube B represent
Bronchi
The model lung:
What do the balloons represent
Lungs
The model lung:
What does the rubber sheet represent
Diaphragm
The model lung:
In what way is the bell jar similar to your respiratory system
The diaphragm can move
The model lung:
In what way is the bell jar different to your respiratory system
It doesn’t move up and out/down in, the balloons don’t have the same internal structures as the lungs do
The model lung:
Why does the bell jar need to be airtight
To enable volume and pressure changes to happen
Think about the structure of your lungs how do they increase the surface area without increasin the size very much
Instead of one large balloon the lungs are divided up into hundreds of small balloons called alveoli. These are contained within pleural membrane forming the lungs. This increases he surface area: volume ratio and increases the rate of gas exchange
What are alveoli
Air sacks in the lungs where gas exchange takes place
What does the respiratory system consist of
A number of tubes
The way the respiratory system consists of a number of tubes what do these tubes do
which take in air from our surroundings and carry it to small air sacs (alveoli) where it can diffuse (move) into the blood.
What does diffuse mean
Movement of gases from an area where they are in high concentration to an area of lower concentration
Where are the lungs located
In the upper part of the body
What are the lungs protected by
The rib cage
How are the lungs separated by the lower part of the body
separated from the lower part of the body (the abdomen) by the muscular diaphragm.
What is at the top of the trachea
The larynx
What goes into each lung
One bronchus
Where is the pleural cavity located
Between these two membranes
What does the pleural cavity contain
A liquid
What is the liquid in the Pleural cavity called
Pleural fluid
What does the pleural fluid do
lubricates the inside of the lungs as they inflate and deflate, so that they do not rub against the rib cage too much
Gas exchange is a how many way process
a two way process – waste gases are removed and oxygen is absorbed.
What two gases are involved in gas exchanged
Carbon dioxide and oxygen
Where do the gases always move
The gases always move from where there is more of it (higher concentration) to where there is less (lower concentration) - diffusion
typical concentrations of gases in the alveoli and the blood:
Oxygen
Amount of it in the air you breathe in- 21%
Amount of it in the air you breathe out- 16%
typical concentrations of gases in the alveoli and the blood:
Carbon dioxide
Amount of it in the air you breathe in- 0.04%
Amount of it in the air you breathe out- 4%
typical concentrations of gases in the alveoli and the blood:
Nitrogen
Amount of it in the air you breathe in- 78%
Amount of it in the air you breathe out- 78%
typical concentrations of gases in the alveoli and the blood:
Water vapour
Amount of it in the air you breathe in- a little
Amount of it in the air you breathe out- a lot
What 3 special features of the alveoli allow gases to pass through them easily
Large surface area
Short distance
Diffusion gradient
Alveoli are adapted to carry out gas exchange efficiently:
have thin, moist walls so that gases can pass through them.
They are also surrounded by many blood capillaries.
Are very small, only 0.2mm in diameter and give the lungs a spongy texture and an enormous surface area.
Excerpt From: McKnight, N. “Biology.” v1.0. iBooks.
This material may be protected by copyright.
Gas exchange is the diffusion of what
Gas exchange is the diffusion of oxygen from the alveolus into the blood and the diffusion of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction – from the blood to the alveolus.
Carbon dioxide passes from the what into the what
Blood into the alveoli
What is the actual surface area of all the alveoli spread out and what is this made from
70m squared, the size of a tennis court
About 700 million alveoli and is between 30-40 times the area of the skin
What is asthma
A condition caused by irritation of the airways. The narrowed airways result in breathing difficulties
When does asthma develop
when the bronchial tubes become swollen or inflamed.
Asthma
What do the muscles around the tubes do to make them narrow
They contract or the tubes are partly blocked by mucus
Asthma
What causes wheezy breathing
The narrowing of the tubes
How does Asthma normally happen but not to do with the bronchi or any of that stuff
An allergy to dust or chemicals
What do these things trigger
These triggers irritate the lining cells of the bronchi, and the body reacts by sending a type of white blood cell to destroy these cells.
Asthma
After the lining becomes…..and……produced by the cells becomes……..and cannot be removed by the lungs. This….starts to block the……….
Swollen Mucus Thicker Mucus Airways
What describes the events of inhaling
The intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract. This increases the volume and decreases the pressure in the chest cavity
What will result in the most rapid rate of gas exchange
Large surface area, short diffusion distance and a large distance in concentration
What does the brown inhaler do
The preventer
What does the blue inhaler do
The reliever
How do the inhalers work
The inhalers work by putting a fine spray of chemical around the air tubes inside the lungs – this makes the muscles relax and makes breathing easier
What’s in a cigarette?
Nicotine
Colourless chemical Powerful poison Addictive Affects heart, blood vessels and nervous system Narrows of coronary arteries Increases the risk if blood clots.
What’s in a cigarette
Tar
Sticky brown substance
Causes bronchitis, emphysema, cancer
Stains teeth and fingers yellow
Collects in the lungs
What’s in a cigarette
Carbon monoxide
Odourless gas
Binds to red blood cells better than oxygen
What’s in a cigarette
Ammonia
Strong smelling
Normally used as a cleaning fluid
The nicotine from two cigarettes…
If injected into your body can kill you within minutes
How many out of ten people who are smoker die of lung cancer
9/10
Smoking ages your what?
Skin
There are many smoking related diseases what is bronchitis
Lining of the bronchiole swells due to irritation by bacteria and smoke.
Air flow through the bronchioles is restricted
Less air reaches the alveoli.
Smokers cough:
What are the cilia needed for
The cilia move and waft the mucus and trapped dust up to the back of the throat where we swallow it.
Smokers cough
In a smoker what happens to the cilia
They are reduced in size and number and are stopped from moving
Smokers cough
Conclusion
Mucus is not removed from the lungs, airways making it harder for the smoker to breathe The mucus is either swallowed or coughed up.
Why do people smoke
- it’s an addiction
- they can’t stop
- it reduces stress for some people
- it makes them feel better
- peer pressure
- to keep their hands busy (have something in their hands)
- think it’s cool to smoke
- family smoking
- the fear of stopping and if u don’t have the willpower
- if someone you look up to or someone famous smokes
Why do people not smoke
- it damages your health
- you may have breathing problems in later life
- it’s a bad habit
- it’s a lot of money
- your appearance falters
- bad for people around them
- they don’t like it
- difficult to stop if they start
- second hand smoke (effecting your kids)
Surface area to volume ratio:
Example:
Each side is 2cm
Each of his sides has a surface area of 2x2=4cm squared
So his total surface area is 6x4=24cm squared
Charlie now has a volume of 2x2x2 = 8cm cubed
Surface area to volume Ratio=
24cm. 8cm. 3:1
Surface area to volume ratio:
Conclusion
A small objet has a big surface area to volume ratio. This ,exams the surface area is very big compared to its volume
A large object has a small surface area to volume ratio. This means that it’s surface area is very small compared to its volume
