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Year 9 Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Detecting carbon dioxide levels:
Carbon dioxide can be detected using;
1-limewater, which turns from……to………in the presence of……………
2-hydrogen carbonate indicator (bicarbonate indicator) which turns from red/orange to…….in the………of carbon dioxide and red/orange to…….when carbon dioxide is……..

A

Clear
Milky white
Carbon dioxide

Yellow
Presence
Purple
Removed

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2
Q

What do you breathe out more of…..

A

You breathe out more carbon dioxide than your breathing in

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3
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose+oxygen->carbon dioxide+water+energy

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4
Q

The nasal passage is lined with small hairs. Why do you think it is better to breathe through your nose than your mouth

A

The hairs act like a filter so when you breathe through your nose, the hairs stop dust getting into your lungs

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5
Q

Why are ribs important

A

Because they protect the lungs

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6
Q

The trachea and bronchioles consist of tubes containing rings of cartilage. What is the function of these rings of cartilage

A

The function is to keep the trachea open

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7
Q

There are many small hairs called cilia lining the tubes of the bronchioles. What are they for?

A

They move mucus up the airways to the mouth, where it is then swallowed

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8
Q

List me a point to do with the diaphragm when you exhale

A

The diaphragm relaxes and domes back to its original shape

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9
Q

What happens to the intercostal muscles when you exhale

A

They relax

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10
Q

What happens to the volume in the chest cavity when you exhale

A

The volume in the chest cavity decreases

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11
Q

What happens to the ribs when you exhale

A

Ribs move down and in

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12
Q

What happens to the air pressure inside the chest cavity and lungs when you exhale

A

The air pressure inside the chest cavity and therefore the lungs increases above atmospheric air pressure

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13
Q

What happens to the air that rushes out from the higher pressure in the mouth when we exhale

A

Air rushes out from the higher pressure inside the mouth into the area of lower pressure in the air around us

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14
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when you inhale

A

the diaphragm contracts and flattens

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15
Q

What happens to the intercostal muscles when you inhale

A

The intercostal muscles contract

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16
Q

What happens to the ribs when you inhale

A

Ribs move up and out

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17
Q

What happens to the volume in the chest cavity when you inhale

A

The volume in the chest cavity increases

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18
Q

What happens to the air pressure inside the chest cavity and lungs when you inhale

A

the air pressure inside the chest cavity and therefore the lungs decreases below atmospheric air pressure.

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19
Q

What happens to the air that rushes in from the higher pressure outside the mouth when we inhale

A

Air rushes in from the higher pressure outside the mouth into the area of lower pressure in the lungs.

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20
Q

Breathing can be split up into two parts, what are they

A

Ventilation and gas exchange

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21
Q

What is the definition of ventilation

A

Getting air in and out of the lungs

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22
Q

What is the definition of gas exchange

A

How the gases move into or out of the blood stream

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23
Q

How does ventilation work

A

Ventilation in humans is the movement of air through the nose or mouth, down the trachea through the bronchi and bronchioles and into the alveoli of the lungs.

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24
Q

What does ventilation consist of

A

Inhaling and exhaling

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25
Q

What is inhaling

A

Breathing in

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26
Q

What is exhaling

A

Breathing out

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27
Q

What is the trachea

A

The windpipe

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28
Q

What is the bronchus

A

A branch of the trachea - one goes to each lung

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29
Q

What are bronchioles

A

Small tubes that carry air into and out of all parts of the lungs

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30
Q

What is the definition of alveoli

A

Air sacks in the lungs where gas exchange takes place

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31
Q

What is the thorax

A

The upper part of the body enclosed inside the rib cage

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32
Q

What is the definition of respiration

A

The chemical reaction that releases energy for use in all living cells

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33
Q

What is the definition of organ systems

A

A group of organs that carry out one process

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34
Q

What does aerobic mean

A

Using oxygen/in the presence of oxygen

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35
Q

Why do we need energy

A

Movement – muscle contraction
Making new chemicals
Growth and repair
Moving substances e.g. plants taking minerals in through their roots
Nervous impulses
Temperature regulation – keeping our body at 37oC.

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36
Q

What are the lungs covered in

A

A thin small membrane

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37
Q

What is the rib cage lined in

A

A thin small membrane

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38
Q

What is the membrane called that lines the rib cage

A

Plural membranes

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39
Q

Experiment: to show that seeds produce carbon dioxide during respiration
What happens to the limewater in the first flask

A

It remains clear

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40
Q

Experiment-to show that seeds produce carbon dioxide during respiration
Since limewater stays clear in the first flask what does this show

A

The air coming in, is slow in carbon dioxide

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41
Q

Experiment-to show that seeds produce carbon dioxide during respiration:
What happens to the limewater in the last flask
What does this tell us:

A

It will go milky/cloudy

There’s carbon dioxide produced by the seeds, showing they have respired

42
Q

The model lung:

What does glass tube A represent

A

Trachea

43
Q

The model lung:

What does the bell jar represent

A

Ribs (rib cage)

44
Q

The model lung:

What does glass tube B represent

A

Bronchi

45
Q

The model lung:

What do the balloons represent

A

Lungs

46
Q

The model lung:

What does the rubber sheet represent

A

Diaphragm

47
Q

The model lung:

In what way is the bell jar similar to your respiratory system

A

The diaphragm can move

48
Q

The model lung:

In what way is the bell jar different to your respiratory system

A

It doesn’t move up and out/down in, the balloons don’t have the same internal structures as the lungs do

49
Q

The model lung:

Why does the bell jar need to be airtight

A

To enable volume and pressure changes to happen

50
Q

Think about the structure of your lungs how do they increase the surface area without increasin the size very much

A

Instead of one large balloon the lungs are divided up into hundreds of small balloons called alveoli. These are contained within pleural membrane forming the lungs. This increases he surface area: volume ratio and increases the rate of gas exchange

51
Q

What are alveoli

A

Air sacks in the lungs where gas exchange takes place

52
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of

A

A number of tubes

53
Q

The way the respiratory system consists of a number of tubes what do these tubes do

A

which take in air from our surroundings and carry it to small air sacs (alveoli) where it can diffuse (move) into the blood.

54
Q

What does diffuse mean

A

Movement of gases from an area where they are in high concentration to an area of lower concentration

55
Q

Where are the lungs located

A

In the upper part of the body

56
Q

What are the lungs protected by

A

The rib cage

57
Q

How are the lungs separated by the lower part of the body

A

separated from the lower part of the body (the abdomen) by the muscular diaphragm.

58
Q

What is at the top of the trachea

A

The larynx

59
Q

What goes into each lung

A

One bronchus

60
Q

Where is the pleural cavity located

A

Between these two membranes

61
Q

What does the pleural cavity contain

A

A liquid

62
Q

What is the liquid in the Pleural cavity called

A

Pleural fluid

63
Q

What does the pleural fluid do

A

lubricates the inside of the lungs as they inflate and deflate, so that they do not rub against the rib cage too much

64
Q

Gas exchange is a how many way process

A

a two way process – waste gases are removed and oxygen is absorbed.

65
Q

What two gases are involved in gas exchanged

A

Carbon dioxide and oxygen

66
Q

Where do the gases always move

A

The gases always move from where there is more of it (higher concentration) to where there is less (lower concentration) - diffusion

67
Q

typical concentrations of gases in the alveoli and the blood:
Oxygen

A

Amount of it in the air you breathe in- 21%

Amount of it in the air you breathe out- 16%

68
Q

typical concentrations of gases in the alveoli and the blood:
Carbon dioxide

A

Amount of it in the air you breathe in- 0.04%

Amount of it in the air you breathe out- 4%

69
Q

typical concentrations of gases in the alveoli and the blood:
Nitrogen

A

Amount of it in the air you breathe in- 78%

Amount of it in the air you breathe out- 78%

70
Q

typical concentrations of gases in the alveoli and the blood:
Water vapour

A

Amount of it in the air you breathe in- a little

Amount of it in the air you breathe out- a lot

71
Q

What 3 special features of the alveoli allow gases to pass through them easily

A

Large surface area
Short distance
Diffusion gradient

72
Q

Alveoli are adapted to carry out gas exchange efficiently:

A

have thin, moist walls so that gases can pass through them.
They are also surrounded by many blood capillaries.
Are very small, only 0.2mm in diameter and give the lungs a spongy texture and an enormous surface area.

Excerpt From: McKnight, N. “Biology.” v1.0. iBooks.
This material may be protected by copyright.

73
Q

Gas exchange is the diffusion of what

A

Gas exchange is the diffusion of oxygen from the alveolus into the blood and the diffusion of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction – from the blood to the alveolus.

74
Q

Carbon dioxide passes from the what into the what

A

Blood into the alveoli

75
Q

What is the actual surface area of all the alveoli spread out and what is this made from

A

70m squared, the size of a tennis court

About 700 million alveoli and is between 30-40 times the area of the skin

76
Q

What is asthma

A

A condition caused by irritation of the airways. The narrowed airways result in breathing difficulties

77
Q

When does asthma develop

A

when the bronchial tubes become swollen or inflamed.

78
Q

Asthma

What do the muscles around the tubes do to make them narrow

A

They contract or the tubes are partly blocked by mucus

79
Q

Asthma

What causes wheezy breathing

A

The narrowing of the tubes

80
Q

How does Asthma normally happen but not to do with the bronchi or any of that stuff

A

An allergy to dust or chemicals

81
Q

What do these things trigger

A

These triggers irritate the lining cells of the bronchi, and the body reacts by sending a type of white blood cell to destroy these cells.

82
Q

Asthma
After the lining becomes…..and……produced by the cells becomes……..and cannot be removed by the lungs. This….starts to block the……….

A 
Swollen
Mucus
Thicker
Mucus
Airways
83
Q

What describes the events of inhaling

A

The intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract. This increases the volume and decreases the pressure in the chest cavity

84
Q

What will result in the most rapid rate of gas exchange

A

Large surface area, short diffusion distance and a large distance in concentration

85
Q

What does the brown inhaler do

A

The preventer

86
Q

What does the blue inhaler do

A

The reliever

87
Q

How do the inhalers work

A

The inhalers work by putting a fine spray of chemical around the air tubes inside the lungs – this makes the muscles relax and makes breathing easier

88
Q

What’s in a cigarette?

Nicotine

A 
Colourless chemical
Powerful poison
Addictive
Affects heart, blood vessels and nervous system
Narrows of coronary arteries
Increases the risk if blood clots.
89
Q

What’s in a cigarette

Tar

A

Sticky brown substance
Causes bronchitis, emphysema, cancer
Stains teeth and fingers yellow
Collects in the lungs

90
Q

What’s in a cigarette

Carbon monoxide

A

Odourless gas

Binds to red blood cells better than oxygen

91
Q

What’s in a cigarette

Ammonia

A

Strong smelling

Normally used as a cleaning fluid

92
Q

The nicotine from two cigarettes…

A

If injected into your body can kill you within minutes

93
Q

How many out of ten people who are smoker die of lung cancer

A

9/10

94
Q

Smoking ages your what?

A

Skin

95
Q

There are many smoking related diseases what is bronchitis

A

Lining of the bronchiole swells due to irritation by bacteria and smoke.
Air flow through the bronchioles is restricted
Less air reaches the alveoli.

96
Q

Smokers cough:

What are the cilia needed for

A

The cilia move and waft the mucus and trapped dust up to the back of the throat where we swallow it.

97
Q

Smokers cough

In a smoker what happens to the cilia

A

They are reduced in size and number and are stopped from moving

98
Q

Smokers cough

Conclusion

A

Mucus is not removed from the lungs, airways making it harder for the smoker to breathe The mucus is either swallowed or coughed up.

99
Q

Why do people smoke

A
  • it’s an addiction
  • they can’t stop
  • it reduces stress for some people
  • it makes them feel better
  • peer pressure
  • to keep their hands busy (have something in their hands)
  • think it’s cool to smoke
  • family smoking
  • the fear of stopping and if u don’t have the willpower
  • if someone you look up to or someone famous smokes
100
Q

Why do people not smoke

A
  • it damages your health
  • you may have breathing problems in later life
  • it’s a bad habit
  • it’s a lot of money
  • your appearance falters
  • bad for people around them
  • they don’t like it
  • difficult to stop if they start
  • second hand smoke (effecting your kids)
101
Q

Surface area to volume ratio:
Example:
Each side is 2cm
Each of his sides has a surface area of 2x2=4cm squared
So his total surface area is 6x4=24cm squared
Charlie now has a volume of 2x2x2 = 8cm cubed
Surface area to volume Ratio=

A

24cm. 8cm. 3:1

102
Q

Surface area to volume ratio:

Conclusion

A

A small objet has a big surface area to volume ratio. This ,exams the surface area is very big compared to its volume

A large object has a small surface area to volume ratio. This means that it’s surface area is very small compared to its volume

Year 9 Biology (6 decks)

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