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Year 9 Biology > Diet And Digestion > Flashcards

Diet And Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

1 g of protein provides us with how many kilojoules

A

17 Kilojoules (kJ)

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2
Q

1g of fat provides us with how many kilojoules?

A

38 kilojoules

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3
Q

1g of carbohydrate provides us with how many kilojoules?

A

17 kilojoules

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4
Q

What is the equation we can use to work out the energy in 1g of food

A

Energy in 1g of food = rise in temperature x volume of water x 4.2 K

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5
Q

What are the jobs for these certain types of teeth?

Incisors-
Canines-
Pre molars-
Molars-

A

Incisors-for biting off food
Canines-for stabbing and holding prey
Pre molars-for grinding
Molars-for grinding

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6
Q

What is the definition of milk teeth?

A

The common term for the first set of teeth that you loose between the ages of ~5 to ~11 years of age

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7
Q

How many teeth does an adult have?

A

32

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8
Q

How many joules are in a kilojoule

A

1000 joules = 1kj

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9
Q

What is the definition of enamel?

A

The hard outer covering of teeth

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10
Q

What is the hardest substance in the body?

A

Enamel

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11
Q

What is the definition of dentine?

A

The softer material found beneath the enamel

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12
Q

What is the part of the tooth which decay easily?

A

dentine

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13
Q

What is the definition of a pulp cavity?

A

At the core of the tooth- this is where the nerves and the blood vessels are found

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14
Q

What’s holds the tooth in it’s socket?

A

Cement and periodontal fibres

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15
Q

What is the definition of cement and periodontal fibres?

A

Types of material that hold the types of tooth in the jaw.

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16
Q

What order do the different elements of the tooth come in?

A 
1- enamel
2-dentine
3-pulp cavity
4-gum
5-bone
6-cement and fibres
7-nerves and blood vessels
8-root end opening
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17
Q

What comes first the crown or root?

A

The crown comes first and then the root

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18
Q

How can tooth decay happen?

A

Sugar and bacteria in plaque mix form acid which attacks teeth

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19
Q

Most of the food we eat (carbs,fats,proteins) are made up of…..

A

Large insoluble molecules

20
Q

What must happen to these large insoluble molecules?

A

These must be broken down (DIGESTED) into small soluble molecules before they can be absorbed into the blood stream.

21
Q

The digestive system:

What are the 5 main stages in the process?

A 
1-ingestion
2-digestion
3-absorption 
4-assimilation 
5-egestion
22
Q 
What are the definitions of...
1-ingestion
2-digestion
3-absorption
4-assimilation 
5-egestion
A

1-The process of taking food into the mouth
2-The breakdown of food into small soluble molecules that can enter the blood stream. The process begins in the mouth.
3-The process by which the digested food molecules enter the blood stream.
4-The process happening in all cells that use up the digested food molecules
5-The removal of waste materials and the indigestible parts of the food we eat.

23
Q

How is digestion achieved?

A

1-mechanical digestion:Food is broken up by the teeth and tongue and churned in the stomach by muscular movements.

2-chemical digestion:Food is broken down by enzymes.

24
Q

What is the definition of enzymes?

A

Special molecule that speed up the breakdown of food in the digestive system.

25
Q

What are the three main enzymes?

A
  • amylase
  • protease
  • lipase
26
Q

What do these enzymes do?

  • amylase
  • protease
  • lipase
A
  • Amylase breaks down carbohydrates e.g. starch into simple sugars
  • Protease breaks down proteins into amino acids.
  • Lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
27
Q

tell us about the first part of the digestive system:

A

1-the mouth: food is mechanically digested by teeth. Food is mixed with saliva which lubricates the food for swallowing. It increases the surface area of the food. This means food is digested more quickly

28
Q

tell us about the second part of the digestive system:

A
  1. The Oesophagus: Food is pushed along this tube to the stomach by a process called peristalsis.
    Peristalsis is the muscular contractions that push food along the whole digestive system.
    The muscles above the bolus (swallowed chunk of food) have to contract and the muscles below the bolus have to relax to allow the food to pass down to the stomach.
29
Q

Tell us about the third part of the digestive system:

A

3-The Stomach:Foods that has been swallowed enters the stomach.
The stomach is a large muscular bag that is able to expand when large amounts of food have been eaten. Food stays in the stomach for about 4 hours.
Food is mechanically digested by the constant muscle contraction.
Glands in the stomach wall release hydrochloric acid. Rings of muscle at the exit of the stomach let the acidic partly digested food through into the duodenum bit by bit.

30
Q

Tell us about the fourth part of the digestive system:

A
  1. Digestion in the small intestine, liver and pancreas: the smallest intestine is the smallest part of the digestive system.
31
Q

What is the first part of the small intestine and what is it’s definition?

A

It is called the duodenum, it’s definition is: The upper part of the small intestine- the process of digestion is completed here

32
Q

What is the definition of emulsion?

A

Tiny droplets of fat in water

33
Q

Tell me about the pancreas:

A

The pancreas produces pancreatic juice which contains enzymes to digest carbohydrates into sugars, proteins into amino acids and fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

34
Q

What is another name for the small intestine?

A

The ileum

35
Q

Tell me about the fifth part of the digestive system

A

5-Absorption in the small intestine:
To help food to pass into the bloodstream the small intestine has a massive surface area (about 300m2) for absorption of digested food.
On the folds are thousands of tiny like finger projections called villi.

36
Q

What is the definition of villi?

A

Finger like projections that increase the surface area for absorption

37
Q

What is the definition of microvilli?

A

Microscopic folds of the ileum that increase the surface area even more

38
Q

Tell me about the sixth part of the digestive system?

A

6-the large intestine:When food passes into the large intestine all that is left is a wet mixture of indigestible fibre, bacteria and dead cells which have rubbed off the lining of the gut wall.
Most of the remaining water is reabsorbed into the blood stream (reabsorption). The undigested food needs fibre to help it move smoothly along the large intestine. The remaining material is called the faeces and this is stored in the rectum before being passed out through the anus in a process called egestion.
Egestion is not the same as excretion. Excretion means getting rid of waste produced inside the body.

39
Q

What is the definition of reabsorption?

A

The process by which excess water is removed from indigestible foods

40
Q

What is the definition of excretion?

A

NOT EGESTION… This is a different process that gets rid of waste materials that have been produced inside cells. Eg- Urea, or carbon dioxide.

41
Q

What is another name for the large intestine?

A

Colon

42
Q

List 4 ways to prevent tooth decay

A

Floss
See the dentist once every 6 months
Brush regularly (twice a day)
Avoid snacking between meals

43
Q

What is the purpose of acid in the stomach

A

To kill germs and activate enzymes that digest protein

44
Q

Which 3 features are found in the ileum to speed up absorption

A

Long length, thin walls, and covered in villi

45
Q

What is another name for egestion

A

defecation

Year 9 Biology (6 decks)

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