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botany > respiration > Flashcards

respiration Flashcards

1
Q

energy required for life processes is derived from

A

oxidation of macromolecules

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2
Q

organisms which can produce their own food

A

green plants and cyanobacteria

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3
Q

chemical energy derived from light energy by photosynthesis is stored in

A

bonds of carbohydrate, glucose, starch

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4
Q

only containing __ photosynthesize

A

chloroplast

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5
Q

chloroplasts are located in

A

superficial layers

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6
Q

why does food have to be translocated to different parts of plants

A

all non green parts of plants also require food for oxidation

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7
Q

saprophytes are dependent on

A

dead and decaying matter

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8
Q

ultimately all food that is respired for l life processes comes from

A

photosynthesis

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9
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

mechanism of breakdown of food materials for release of energy and storage of this energy for synthesis of atp

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10
Q

breakdown of complex molecules for release of energy occurs in

A

cytoplasm and mitochondria only in eukaryotes

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11
Q

what is respiration

A

breaking of carbon carbon bond of complex compounds through oxidation within the cells for the release of energy

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12
Q

compounds oxidised during respiration are called

A

respiratory substrate

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13
Q

preferred respiratory substrate

A

carbohydrate

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14
Q

floating respiration

A

fats or carbohydrate

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15
Q

protoplasmiic respiration

A

protein

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16
Q

when are compounds other than carbohydrates used as respiratory substrate

A

in some plants under certain conditions

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17
Q

how is the energy released in the cell after oxidation

A

in a series of slow step wise reactions controlled by enzymes and stored as chemical energy as atp

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18
Q

can energy released by oxidation by used directly

A

no only indirectly by synthesising atp which is broken down when it needs to be utilised

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19
Q

maximum energy is released by

A

fats

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20
Q

instant source of energy

A

carbohydrate

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21
Q

what is the energy currency of cell

A

atp

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22
Q

carbon skeleton produced during respiration is used as

A

precursor for biosynthesis or other molecules in cell

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23
Q

plants have a system which ensures

A

availablity of o2

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24
Q

plants have no

A

special organs for gaseous exchange

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25
Q

what do plants have as structures for respiration

A

stomata, lenticels

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26
Q

1st reason why plants get along without respiratory organs

A

each plant part takes care of its own gaseous exchange, there is very little transport of gases from one part of plant to another

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27
Q

2nd reason

A

plants do not have great need for gas exchange, roots, stems and leaves respire at rates far slower than animals, only during photosynthesis large volumes of gas is required, availablity of o2 is not a problem as o2 is released inside the cell

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28
Q

3rd reason

A

distances that plants must diffuse in large bulky plants is not much each living cell in a plant is located quite close to the surface of plant

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29
Q
A
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30
Q

arrangement of living cells in stems

A

organised in thin layers inside and beneath bark with openings called lenticels

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31
Q

cells in the interior of stem

A

are dead and provide mechanical support

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32
Q
A
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33
Q

most cells of a plant have

A

atleast a part of their surface in contact with air

34
Q

which tissue provides an interconnected network of air spaces

A

loose parenchyma cells in leaves, stems and roots

35
Q
A
36
Q

the complete combustion of glucose gives out

A

co2, h20, and energy which i is given out as heat

37
Q

how does plant make sure that all energy liberated does not turn into heart after catabolizing a glucose molecule

A

oxidise glucose in multiple steps, enabling some steps to be large enough such that the energy l liberated can be coupled to atp synthesis

38
Q

all living organisms retain the enzymatic machinery to

A

partially oxidise glucose without help of oxygen

39
Q

the scheme of glycolysis was given by

A

embden, meyerhof, parnas emp pathway

40
Q

in anaerobic organism the only process of respiration

A

emp pathway

41
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

cytoplasm present in all living organisms

42
Q

in glycolysis glucose undergoes

A

partial oxidation into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

43
Q

in plants glucose is derived from

A

sucrose, end product is photosynthesis or from storage carbohydrates

44
Q
A
45
Q

all enzymes of glycolysis are found in

A

cytoplasm

46
Q

sucrose is converted into glucose and fructose by enzymes

A

invertase

47
Q

which monosaccharides enters the glycolic pathway

A

fructose and glucose

48
Q

glucose and fructose are phosphorylated to form

A

glucose6 phosphate by use of 1 atp in the presence of enzyme hexokinase

49
Q

glucose 6 phosphate is converted into

A

fructose1,6 phosphate in the presence of enzyme isomerase

50
Q

fructose1,6 phosphate is converted into

A

fructose 1,6 biphosphate by use of 1 atp in the presence of enzyme phosphofructokinase

51
Q

how many steps are there in glycolysis

A

10 enzyme controlled steps

52
Q

fructose 1,6 biphosphate is split into

A

phosphoglyceraldehyde , dihydroxy acetone phosphate in the presence of enzymes aldolase

53
Q

phosphoglyceraldehyde is covered into

A

1,3 biphosphoglyceric by reduction of nad to nadh2, in presence of enzymes pga dehydrogenase

54
Q
A
55
Q

1,3 biphosphoglyceric acid is converted into

A

3 phosphoglyceric acid by formation of atp in presence of enzymes bga kinase

56
Q

3 phosphoglyceric acid is converted into

A

2 phosphoglyceric acid in p presence of enzymes mutase

57
Q

2 phosphoglyceric acid is converted into

A

phosphoenolpyruvate in o presence of enzymes enolase

58
Q

pep is converted into

A

pyruvic Acid by formation of 1 atp in presence of enzyme pepkinase

59
Q

what is the product of glycolysis

A

pyruvic Acid

60
Q

what are the ways pyruvic acid is used

A

alcoholic fermentation, lactic acid fermentation, aerobic respiration

61
Q

fermentation takes place under

A

anaerobic conditions in many prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes

62
Q

for the complete oxidation of glucose, organisms adopt

A

krebs cycle which is carried as aerobic respiration which requires o2 supply

63
Q
A
64
Q
A
65
Q

in fermentation, by yeast oxidation of glucose is achieved under anaerobic conditions where pa is converted into

A

co2 and ethanol

66
Q

which enzymes catalyse fermentation

A

pa decarboxylase, alcohol dehydrogenase

67
Q

organisms like bacteria produce

A

lactic acid from pa

68
Q

in muscles when o2 is insufficient pa is

A

reduced to lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase, reducing agent nadh2

69
Q

in both lactic acid and alcohol fermentation

A

not much energy is released, less than 7 percent of energy in glucose is released

70
Q

lactic acid and alcohol fermentation are ___

A

hazardous in nature

71
Q

yeast poison themselves to death when concentration of alcohol reaches

A

13 percent

72
Q

aerobic respiration is most common in

A

higher plants

74
Q

for aerobic respiration, pa is transported to

A

mitochondria

75
Q

what is link reaction

A

link between glycolysis and krebs cycle

76
Q

site of link reaction

A

Matrix of mitochondria

77
Q

in link reaction pa undergoes

A

oxidative decarboxylation

78
Q

reactions catalysed by pa dehydrogenase require participation of

A

coA and NAD

79
Q

the acetyl coA produced by link reaction enters

A

krebs cycle or tca cycle

80
Q
A
81
Q
A

botany (7 decks)

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