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biological classification Flashcards

1
Q

free living n2 fixating bacteria

A

Azotobacter, clostridium,Beijinrinckia

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2
Q

symbiotic n2 fixating bacteria

A

rhizobium,frankia,xanthomonas

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3
Q

vinegar production

A

acetobacter aceti

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4
Q

vinegar production

A

acetobacter aceti

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5
Q

curd, cheese, yoghurt production

A

lactobacillus,streptococcus lacti

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6
Q

retting of fibres

A

clostridium perfringes, pseudomonas inflorescence

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7
Q

curing of leaves

A

bacillus megatherium

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8
Q

what makes archaebacteris different from other bacterias

A

structure of cell wall of archaebacteria is responsible for its survival in harsh conditions, the cell membrane contains branch chained lipids in a lipid monolayer

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9
Q

archaebacteria living in marshy habitats

A

methanogens

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10
Q

where are methanogens found in animals, what are they responsible for producing

A

guts of ruminants like cows and buffaloes, responsible for producing methane gas from the dung of these animals.

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11
Q

archaebacteria present in salty conditions

A

halophiles

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12
Q

archaebacteria present in salty conditions

A

halophiles

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13
Q

archaebacteria present in region of extreme temperatures and acidity

A

thermoacidophiles

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14
Q

what temperature and salinity can thermoacidophiles tolerate

A

80°C and pH 2

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15
Q

what are eubacteria characterized by

A

rigid cell wall, if motile, flagellum

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16
Q

mode of nutrition of cyanobacteria

A

photosynthetic autotrophs with chlorophyll a

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17
Q

characteristics of bacteria

A

unicellular, filamentous colonial, 70s ribosomes, cell wall of peptidoglycan, most are heterotrophic some are autotrophic, reproduction is of asexual type - binary fission usually

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18
Q

characteristics of bacteria

A

unicellular, filamentous colonial, 70s ribosomes, cell wall of peptidoglycan, most are heterotrophic some are autotrophic, reproduction is of asexual type - binary fission usually

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19
Q

habitat of cyanobacteria

A

freshwater/marine or terrestrial algae

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20
Q

habitat of cyanobacteria

A

freshwater/marine or terrestrial algae

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21
Q

first organism to perform oxygenic photosynthesis

A

cyanobacteria

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22
Q

which bacteria forms blooms in polluted water bodies

A

cyanobacteria - anabaena flos-aquae ( algal blooms )

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23
Q

colonies of cyanobacteria are surrounded by

A

gelatinous sheth

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24
Q

symbiotic associations lf cyanobacteria

A

anabaena azollae - azolla(aquatic fern)
anabaena cycadae - cycas root ( gymnosperm )

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25
Q

cyanobacteria is characterized by

A

absence of flagellum

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26
Q

cyanobacteria with specialized cells that fix atmospheric n2

A

nostoc, anabaena

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27
Q

specialized cells that fix N2

A

heterocysts

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28
Q

most abundant bacteria

A

heterotrophic

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29
Q

cholera is caused by

A

vibrio cholerae

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30
Q

typhoid is caused by

A

salmonella typhi

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31
Q

tetanus is caused by

A

clostridium tetani

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32
Q

tetanus is caused by

A

clostridium tetani

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33
Q

citrus canker is caused by

A

xanthomonas citri

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34
Q

under unfavorable conditions bacteria produce

A

spores

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35
Q

red sea is caused by

A

cyanobacteria - trichodesmium erythroem

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36
Q

the smallest living cells

A

mycoplasma

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37
Q

mycoplasma are also called as

A

jokers of plant kingdom, PPLO, bacteria with their coats off

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38
Q

bacteria that is pathogenic to animals and plants

A

mycoplasma

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39
Q

describe bacterial structure and behaviour

A

structure is simple but behaviour is complex

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40
Q

group showing most metabolic diversity

A

bacteria

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41
Q

term protista was coined by ernst hackel

A
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42
Q

kingdom that forms link between plants animals and fungi

A

prostista

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43
Q

all single celled eukaryotes are placed under

A

prostista

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44
Q

reproduction in prostists

A

asexually by cell fusion, sexually by zygote formation

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45
Q

movement is

A

by pseudopodia, flagella, cilia

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46
Q

mode of nutrition

A

mixotrophic

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47
Q

protista are divided into

A

(dinoflagellates, diatoms, euglenoid) - photosynthetic
slime moulds-decomposers, protozoans

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48
Q

characteristics of protozoa

A

unicellular,eukaryotic, 80s ribosomes, 9+2 organisations of microtubules, photoautotrophic, good indicators of water pollution, lacking flagella except for in reproductive stage

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49
Q

habitat of diatoms

A

aquatic, fresh water

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50
Q

what is diatomaceous earth

A

build up of silica from the cell wall of diatoms

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51
Q

chief produccers of the ocean

A

diatoms

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52
Q

soap box structure of cell wall is present in

A

diatoms

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53
Q

use of diatomaceous earth

A

polishing, filtering of oil and syrups, sugarcane refineries

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54
Q

diatomaceous earth is also called as

A

diatomite, kiesulghr earth

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55
Q

examples of diatoms

A

triceratium, navicula, cymbella, melosira

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56
Q

habitat of dinoflagellates

A

mostly marine, few fresh water

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57
Q

red tide is caused by

A

gonyalaux

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58
Q

describe cell wall of dinoflagellates

A

cell wall contains stiff cellulosi plstes with pectin

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59
Q

dinoflagellates are also called as

A

armoured dinoflagellates, fire of the ocean, whirling whips

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60
Q

bioluminescent dinoflagellates

A

noctiluca, pyrodinium, pyrocystis

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61
Q

toxin producing dinoflagellates

A

gonyalaux catenella,gymnodium

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62
Q

name of toxin produced by dinoflagellates and what it causes

A

saxitoxin, PSP(paralytic shell fish poisoning)

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63
Q

describe euglenoid group

A

group pf chlorophyllous and non-chlorlphyllous organisms, most are fresh water organisms found in stagnant water

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64
Q

locomotory structure of euglenoids

A

flagella

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65
Q

describe cell wall of euglenoids

A

cell wall is absent, instead a proteinaceous elastic pellicle is present which make their body flexible

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66
Q

describe nutrition of euglenoids

A

mixotrophic, mostly photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight but if deprived prey on other organisms behaving like a heterotrophs

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67
Q

nature of photosynthetic pigment of euglenoids

A

chlorophyll a, present in higher plants

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68
Q

examples of euglenoids

A

euglena and paranema

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69
Q

largest genera of euglenoids

A

euglena

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70
Q

connecting link b/w animals and plants

A

euglenoids

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71
Q

characteristics of slime mould

A

free living, naked protoplast, no cell wall, saprotrophic

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72
Q

under favourable conditions slime moulds form

A

plasmodium

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73
Q

under unfavorable conditions, plasmodium

A

differentiates and forms fruiting bodies with spores at tips

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74
Q

nature of slime mould spores

A

possess true walls and extremely resistant can survive for year, dispersed by air currents

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75
Q

protozoans nutrition

A

heterotrophs and live as predators

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76
Q

protozoans are believed to be

A

primitive relatives of animals

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77
Q

divisions lf protozoas

A

amoeboid, flagellated, ciliated, sporozoans

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78
Q

amoeboid protozoans habitat

A

fresh water, sea water, moist soil

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79
Q

locomotory structure of amoeboid protozoans

A

pseudopodia

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80
Q

example of amoeboid protozoans

A

entamoeba, amoeba

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81
Q

marine forms lf amoeboid protozoans have

A

silica shells on theri surface

82
Q

parasitic amoeboid protozoan

A

entamoeba - dysentery

83
Q

flagellated protozoans nutrition

A

free living or parasitic

84
Q

examples of parasitic flagellates

A

trypanosoma- sleeping sickness

85
Q

ciliates habitat

A

marine / fresh water

86
Q

ciliates are actively moving because

A

presence of thousands of cilia on their surface

87
Q

example of ciliates

A

paramoecium

88
Q

describe life cycle of sporozoans

A

diverse organisms with spore like stage in their life cycle

89
Q

example of sporozoans

A

plasmodium - malarial parasite

90
Q

nutrition of fungi

A

heterotrophs - saprophytes,parasites,symbionts

91
Q

characteristics of fungi

A

haploid organisms,thalloid(except yeast) fungal body is made up of thread like structures called hyphae.

92
Q

network of hyphae is called

A

mycelium

93
Q

coenocytic hyphae

A

aseptate,multinculeate

94
Q

in most fungi hyphae is

A

septate

95
Q

cell wall of fungi is made up of

A

chitin and polysaccharides

96
Q

reproduction in fungi

A

vegetative, fragmentation, fission, budding, asexual method by spores conidia, sporangiospore, zoospore
sexual spores - oospore, ascospores, basiodiospores

97
Q

what is fruiting bodies

A

sexual spore producing body

98
Q

fusion of protoplasms is called

A

plasmogamy

99
Q

fusion of teo nuclei

A

karyogamy

100
Q

what factors form the basis of classification in the fungi kingdom

A

morphology of mycelium,mode of spore formation, fruiting bodies

101
Q

zoospore characteristics

A

motile, wall less, endogenous, found in oomycetes

102
Q

characteristics of aplanospore

A

thick walled, non motile, endogenous
found in oomycetes

103
Q

sporangiospore characteristics

A

thin walled, endogenous,non motile, found in zygomycetes

104
Q

conidia characteristics

A

non motile, exogenous,thin walled, ascomycetes

105
Q

fungi is divided into

A

phycomycetes(oomycetes - algal fungi, zygomycetes- conjugation fungi) ascomycetes - sac fungi, basidiomycetes - club fungi, deutromycetes - fungi imperfecti

106
Q

fruiting body and spore of ascomycetes

A

ascocarp ascospores, non motile, endogenous

107
Q

fruiting body lf basidiomycetes and spores

A

basidiocarp basidiospores exogenous,non motile

108
Q

habitat of phycomycetes

A

aquatic ,moist damp

109
Q

hyphal wall of oomycetes contains

A

cellulose

110
Q

mycelium of oomycetes is

A

aseptate

111
Q

asexual spore of oomycetes

A

zoospore, aplanospore

112
Q

in oomycetes zygote and sexual spore is

A

oospore

113
Q

examples of oomycetes

A

phytophthora infestans, albugo candida, pythium candida

114
Q

late bliggt kf potato caused by

A

phytophthora infestans

115
Q

white rust of leafe cause by

A

albugo candida

116
Q

damping of seedlings

A

pythium candida

117
Q

cell wall of conjugation fungi is made up lf

A

chitin

118
Q

sexual spore of zygomycetes

A

zygospore

119
Q

asexual spore lf zygomycetes

A

sporangiospore

120
Q

examples of zygomycetes

A

mucor( dung mould), rhizopus ( bread mould

121
Q

ascomycetes mycelium

A

septate

122
Q

cell wall of ascomycetes

A

chitin

123
Q

asexual spore in ascomycetes

A

conidia

124
Q

re motile structure present in ascomycetes

A

no

125
Q

describe life cycle kf ascomycetes

A

monokaryotic mycelium is dominated, dikaryotic is recessive

126
Q

site of karyogamy and meiosis in ascomycetes

A

ascus

127
Q

dikaryotization method is by ascomycetes

A

crozier method

128
Q

examples of ascomycetes

A

penicillium, yeast, aspergillus,neurospora,claviceps,morels and truffles

129
Q

neurospora are used in

A

biochemical and genetic work

130
Q

ascomycetes grow on

A

dung ( corprophilous fungi)

131
Q

basidiomycetes are also called as

A

bracket fungi, puffballs, club fungi,

132
Q

most advanced and common ungi

A

basidiomycetes

133
Q

are asexual spores usually present in basidiomycetes

A

no

134
Q

karyogamy and meiosis take place in basidiomycetes

A

basidium, forming 4 basidiospores

135
Q

nature of basidiospores

A

exogenous

136
Q

life cycle of basidiomycetes

A

primary myceis recessive, secondary mycelium is dominat

137
Q

dikaryotization in basidiomycetes is by

A

clamp connection

138
Q

examples of basidiomycetes

A

ustilago(smut fungus), puccinia( wheat rust fungus), agaricus (common fiel mushroom)

139
Q

deutromycetes are also called as ; reason

A

imperfect fungi ; perfect method of sexual reproduction is absent

140
Q

asexual reproduction in deutromycetes by

A

conidia

141
Q

mycelium kf deutromycetes

A

septate and branched

142
Q

examples of deutromycetes

A

alternaria,collectrichum,trichoderma

143
Q

what type of fungi helphs in mineral cycling and litter decomposition

A

deutromycetes

144
Q

early blight of potato caused by

A

alternaria solani

145
Q

bengal famine caused by

A

helminthosporium (leaf spot of rice)

146
Q

examples of insectivorous plants

A

bladderwort,venous flytrap

147
Q

examples of parasitic plants

A

cuscuta

148
Q

symbiotic association of ungus with roots of higher plants is called

A

mycorrhiza(fungal roots)

149
Q

in ungal roots, fungus provides

A

h20, N,P,S

150
Q

in mycorrhiza, plants provide

A

shelter, protection

151
Q

do mycorrhizal roots have root cap

A

no

152
Q

two types of mycorrhiza

A

ectomycorhiza,endomycorhiza/VAM

153
Q

describe ectomycorhiza

A

fungal mycelium is external, present as a network called hartig net,

154
Q

fungal members of ectomycorhiza belong to

A

basidiomycetes

155
Q

examples of ectomycorhiza

A

pinus, oak

156
Q

describe endomycorhiza

A

Vesicular Aurbuscular Mycorrhiza, penetrates roots and forms vesicles or aurbuscles

157
Q

fungal members of endomycorhiza belong to

A

zygomycetes

158
Q

examples of endomycorhiza

A

orchid roots, they seldom occur without mycorrhiza

159
Q

why are viruses not placed in the classification

A

they are not considered living

160
Q

structure of virus

A

inert crystalline structure outside the living cell

161
Q

who was the first to recognise viruses and ehich virus

A

Dimitri iwanowsky ; tobacco mosaic virus

162
Q

who was the first to state that viruses are infectious

A

beijerinck

163
Q

state beijerinck’s statement

A

contagium vivum fluidum

164
Q

who showed that viruses could be crystallized

A

stanley

165
Q

what do the crystals of viruses contain

A

proteins, mostly

166
Q

non essential component of virus ; present in

A

envelope ; found in HIV, herped virus

167
Q

essential components pf viruses

A

protein coat, genetic material

168
Q

protein coat of viruses is called ; made up of

A

capsid ; small subunits called capsomeres

169
Q

can virus have both RNA and DNA

A

no

170
Q

phytophage infects ; genetic material

A

plants ; ss RNA

171
Q

zoophage infects ; genetic material

A

animal; ss/ds RNA, ds DNA

172
Q

bacteriophage infects ; genetic material

A

bacteria ; ds DNA

173
Q

infectious part of viruses

A

genetic material

174
Q

examples of deoxyribovirus(DNA virus)

A

bacteriophage

175
Q

example of ribovirus

A

TMV , HIV

176
Q

reproduction in viruses

A

they transfer their genetic material inside host cell, leaving capsid and envelope outside host

177
Q

subviral viruses/satellite viruses

A

lack one of the essential components

178
Q

smallest subviral agents

A

viroids

179
Q

viroids were discovered by

A

diener

180
Q

viroids lack

A

protein coat

181
Q

viroids contain

A

free RNA

182
Q

nature of RNA of viroids

A

low molecular weight

183
Q

viroids caused

A

potato spindle tuber disease

184
Q

prions were discovered by

A

alper et al

185
Q

infectious material in prions

A

protein coats

186
Q

nature of proteins of prions

A

abnormally folded

187
Q

size of prions in comparison to viruses

A

similar in size to viruses

188
Q

disease caused by prions

A

bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) - c/a mad cow disease in cattle, creutz feldt jacob disease in humans(variant of BSE), kuru disease- laughing death disease, scarpie disease in sheeps

189
Q

lichens are

A

symbiotic association of algae and fungi

190
Q

algal member of lichens are called

A

phycobionts

191
Q

fungal member of lichens are called

A

mycobiont

192
Q

in lichens, algae nutrition is

A

autotrophic

193
Q

in lichens, fungi nutrition is

A

heterotrophic

194
Q

algal member of lichen usually belongs to

A

chlorophyceae

195
Q

function of algae in lichens

A

providing food

196
Q

fungal member of lichens usually belongs to

A

ascomycetes

197
Q

function of fungal member of lichens

A

providing minerals, shelter, water

198
Q

lichens are indicators of

A

pollution

199
Q

do lichens grow in polluted areas

A

no

200
Q

composition of lichens

A

5% algal member, 95% fungal member

botany (4 decks)

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