biological classification Flashcards
1
Q
free living n2 fixating bacteria
A
Azotobacter, clostridium,Beijinrinckia
2
Q
symbiotic n2 fixating bacteria
A
rhizobium,frankia,xanthomonas
3
Q
vinegar production
A
acetobacter aceti
4
Q
vinegar production
A
acetobacter aceti
5
Q
curd, cheese, yoghurt production
A
lactobacillus,streptococcus lacti
6
Q
retting of fibres
A
clostridium perfringes, pseudomonas inflorescence
7
Q
curing of leaves
A
bacillus megatherium
8
Q
what makes archaebacteris different from other bacterias
A
structure of cell wall of archaebacteria is responsible for its survival in harsh conditions, the cell membrane contains branch chained lipids in a lipid monolayer
9
Q
archaebacteria living in marshy habitats
A
methanogens
10
Q
where are methanogens found in animals, what are they responsible for producing
A
guts of ruminants like cows and buffaloes, responsible for producing methane gas from the dung of these animals.
11
Q
archaebacteria present in salty conditions
A
halophiles
12
Q
archaebacteria present in salty conditions
A
halophiles
13
Q
archaebacteria present in region of extreme temperatures and acidity
A
thermoacidophiles
14
Q
what temperature and salinity can thermoacidophiles tolerate
A
80°C and pH 2
15
Q
what are eubacteria characterized by
A
rigid cell wall, if motile, flagellum
16
Q
mode of nutrition of cyanobacteria
A
photosynthetic autotrophs with chlorophyll a
17
Q
characteristics of bacteria
A
unicellular, filamentous colonial, 70s ribosomes, cell wall of peptidoglycan, most are heterotrophic some are autotrophic, reproduction is of asexual type - binary fission usually
18
Q
characteristics of bacteria
A
unicellular, filamentous colonial, 70s ribosomes, cell wall of peptidoglycan, most are heterotrophic some are autotrophic, reproduction is of asexual type - binary fission usually
19
Q
habitat of cyanobacteria
A
freshwater/marine or terrestrial algae
20
Q
habitat of cyanobacteria
A
freshwater/marine or terrestrial algae
21
Q
first organism to perform oxygenic photosynthesis
A
cyanobacteria
22
Q
which bacteria forms blooms in polluted water bodies
A
cyanobacteria - anabaena flos-aquae ( algal blooms )
23
Q
colonies of cyanobacteria are surrounded by
A
gelatinous sheth
24
Q
symbiotic associations lf cyanobacteria
A
anabaena azollae - azolla(aquatic fern)
anabaena cycadae - cycas root ( gymnosperm )
25
cyanobacteria is characterized by
absence of flagellum
26
cyanobacteria with specialized cells that fix atmospheric n2
nostoc, anabaena
27
specialized cells that fix N2
heterocysts
28
most abundant bacteria
heterotrophic
29
cholera is caused by
vibrio cholerae
30
typhoid is caused by
salmonella typhi
31
tetanus is caused by
clostridium tetani
32
tetanus is caused by
clostridium tetani
33
citrus canker is caused by
xanthomonas citri
34
under unfavorable conditions bacteria produce
spores
35
red sea is caused by
cyanobacteria - trichodesmium erythroem
36
the smallest living cells
mycoplasma
37
mycoplasma are also called as
jokers of plant kingdom, PPLO, bacteria with their coats off
38
bacteria that is pathogenic to animals and plants
mycoplasma
39
describe bacterial structure and behaviour
structure is simple but behaviour is complex
40
group showing most metabolic diversity
bacteria
41
term protista was coined by ernst hackel
42
kingdom that forms link between plants animals and fungi
prostista
43
all single celled eukaryotes are placed under
prostista
44
reproduction in prostists
asexually by cell fusion, sexually by zygote formation
45
in protists movement is
by pseudopodia, flagella, cilia
46
mode of nutrition in protists
mixotrophic
47
protista are divided into
(dinoflagellates, diatoms, euglenoid) - photosynthetic
slime moulds-decomposers, protozoans
48
characteristics of protozoa
unicellular,eukaryotic, 80s ribosomes, 9+2 organisations of microtubules, photoautotrophic, good indicators of water pollution, lacking flagella except for in reproductive stage
49
habitat of diatoms
aquatic, fresh water
50
what is diatomaceous earth
build up of silica from the cell wall of diatoms
51
chief produccers of the ocean
diatoms
52
soap box structure of cell wall is present in
diatoms
53
use of diatomaceous earth
polishing, filtering of oil and syrups, sugarcane refineries
54
diatomaceous earth is also called as
diatomite, kiesulghr earth
55
examples of diatoms
triceratium, navicula, cymbella, melosira
56
habitat of dinoflagellates
mostly marine, few fresh water
57
red tide is caused by
gonyalaux
58
describe cell wall of dinoflagellates
cell wall contains stiff cellulosi plstes with pectin
59
dinoflagellates are also called as
armoured dinoflagellates, fire of the ocean, whirling whips
60
bioluminescent dinoflagellates
noctiluca, pyrodinium, pyrocystis
61
toxin producing dinoflagellates
gonyalaux catenella,gymnodium
62
name of toxin produced by dinoflagellates and what it causes
saxitoxin, PSP(paralytic shell fish poisoning)
63
describe euglenoid group
group pf chlorophyllous and non-chlorlphyllous organisms, most are fresh water organisms found in stagnant water
64
locomotory structure of euglenoids
flagella
65
describe cell wall of euglenoids
cell wall is absent, instead a proteinaceous elastic pellicle is present which make their body flexible
66
describe nutrition of euglenoids
mixotrophic, mostly photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight but if deprived prey on other organisms behaving like a heterotrophs
67
nature of photosynthetic pigment of euglenoids
chlorophyll a, present in higher plants
68
examples of euglenoids
euglena and paranema
69
largest genera of euglenoids
euglena
70
connecting link b/w animals and plants
euglenoids
71
characteristics of slime mould
free living, naked protoplast, no cell wall, saprotrophic
72
under favourable conditions slime moulds form
plasmodium
73
under unfavorable conditions, plasmodium
differentiates and forms fruiting bodies with spores at tips
74
nature of slime mould spores
possess true walls and extremely resistant can survive for year, dispersed by air currents
75
protozoans nutrition
heterotrophs and live as predators
76
protozoans are believed to be
primitive relatives of animals
77
divisions lf protozoas
amoeboid, flagellated, ciliated, sporozoans
78
amoeboid protozoans habitat
fresh water, sea water, moist soil
79
locomotory structure of amoeboid protozoans
pseudopodia
80
example of amoeboid protozoans
entamoeba, amoeba
81
marine forms lf amoeboid protozoans have
silica shells on theri surface
82
parasitic amoeboid protozoan
entamoeba - dysentery
83
flagellated protozoans nutrition
free living or parasitic
84
examples of parasitic flagellates
trypanosoma- sleeping sickness
85
ciliates habitat
marine / fresh water
86
ciliates are actively moving because
presence of thousands of cilia on their surface
87
example of ciliates
paramoecium
88
describe life cycle of sporozoans
diverse organisms with spore like stage in their life cycle
89
example of sporozoans
plasmodium - malarial parasite
90
nutrition of fungi
heterotrophs - saprophytes,parasites,symbionts
91
characteristics of fungi
haploid organisms,thalloid(except yeast) fungal body is made up of thread like structures called hyphae.
92
network of hyphae is called
mycelium
93
coenocytic hyphae
aseptate,multinculeate
94
in most fungi hyphae is
septate
95
cell wall of fungi is made up of
chitin and polysaccharides
96
reproduction in fungi
vegetative, fragmentation, fission, budding, asexual method by spores conidia, sporangiospore, zoospore
sexual spores - oospore, ascospores, basiodiospores
97
what is fruiting bodies
sexual spore producing body
98
fusion of protoplasms is called
plasmogamy
99
fusion of teo nuclei
karyogamy
100
what factors form the basis of classification in the fungi kingdom
morphology of mycelium,mode of spore formation, fruiting bodies
101
zoospore characteristics
motile, wall less, endogenous, found in oomycetes
102
characteristics of aplanospore
thick walled, non motile, endogenous
found in oomycetes
103
sporangiospore characteristics
thin walled, endogenous,non motile, found in zygomycetes
104
conidia characteristics
non motile, exogenous,thin walled, ascomycetes
105
fungi is divided into
phycomycetes(oomycetes - algal fungi, zygomycetes- conjugation fungi) ascomycetes - sac fungi, basidiomycetes - club fungi, deutromycetes - fungi imperfecti
106
fruiting body and spore of ascomycetes
ascocarp ascospores, non motile, endogenous
107
fruiting body lf basidiomycetes and spores
basidiocarp basidiospores exogenous,non motile
108
habitat of phycomycetes
aquatic ,moist damp
109
hyphal wall of oomycetes contains
cellulose
110
mycelium of oomycetes is
aseptate
111
asexual spore of oomycetes
zoospore, aplanospore
112
in oomycetes zygote and sexual spore is
oospore
113
examples of oomycetes
phytophthora infestans, albugo candida, pythium candida
114
late bliggt kf potato caused by
phytophthora infestans
115
white rust of leafe cause by
albugo candida
116
damping of seedlings
pythium candida
117
cell wall of conjugation fungi is made up lf
chitin
118
sexual spore of zygomycetes
zygospore
119
asexual spore lf zygomycetes
sporangiospore
120
examples of zygomycetes
mucor( dung mould), rhizopus ( bread mould
121
ascomycetes mycelium
septate
122
cell wall of ascomycetes
chitin
123
asexual spore in ascomycetes
conidia
124
re motile structure present in ascomycetes
no
125
describe life cycle kf ascomycetes
monokaryotic mycelium is dominated, dikaryotic is recessive
126
site of karyogamy and meiosis in ascomycetes
ascus
127
dikaryotization method is by ascomycetes
crozier method
128
examples of ascomycetes
penicillium, yeast, aspergillus,neurospora,claviceps,morels and truffles
129
neurospora are used in
biochemical and genetic work
130
ascomycetes grow on
dung ( corprophilous fungi)
131
basidiomycetes are also called as
bracket fungi, puffballs, club fungi,
132
most advanced and common ungi
basidiomycetes
133
are asexual spores usually present in basidiomycetes
no
134
karyogamy and meiosis take place in basidiomycetes
basidium, forming 4 basidiospores
135
nature of basidiospores
exogenous
136
life cycle of basidiomycetes
primary myceis recessive, secondary mycelium is dominat
137
dikaryotization in basidiomycetes is by
clamp connection
138
examples of basidiomycetes
ustilago(smut fungus), puccinia( wheat rust fungus), agaricus (common fiel mushroom)
139
deutromycetes are also called as ; reason
imperfect fungi ; perfect method of sexual reproduction is absent
140
asexual reproduction in deutromycetes by
conidia
141
mycelium kf deutromycetes
septate and branched
142
examples of deutromycetes
alternaria,collectrichum,trichoderma
143
what type of fungi helphs in mineral cycling and litter decomposition
deutromycetes
144
early blight of potato caused by
alternaria solani
145
bengal famine caused by
helminthosporium (leaf spot of rice)
146
examples of insectivorous plants
bladderwort,venous flytrap
147
examples of parasitic plants
cuscuta
148
symbiotic association of ungus with roots of higher plants is called
mycorrhiza(fungal roots)
149
in ungal roots, fungus provides
h20, N,P,S
150
in mycorrhiza, plants provide
shelter, protection
151
do mycorrhizal roots have root cap
no
152
two types of mycorrhiza
ectomycorhiza,endomycorhiza/VAM
153
describe ectomycorhiza
fungal mycelium is external, present as a network called hartig net,
154
fungal members of ectomycorhiza belong to
basidiomycetes
155
examples of ectomycorhiza
pinus, oak
156
describe endomycorhiza
Vesicular Aurbuscular Mycorrhiza, penetrates roots and forms vesicles or aurbuscles
157
fungal members of endomycorhiza belong to
zygomycetes
158
examples of endomycorhiza
orchid roots, they seldom occur without mycorrhiza
159
why are viruses not placed in the classification
they are not considered living
160
structure of virus
inert crystalline structure outside the living cell
161
who was the first to recognise viruses and ehich virus
Dimitri iwanowsky ; tobacco mosaic virus
162
who was the first to state that viruses are infectious
beijerinck
163
state beijerinck's statement
contagium vivum fluidum
164
who showed that viruses could be crystallized
stanley
165
what do the crystals of viruses contain
proteins, mostly
166
non essential component of virus ; present in
envelope ; found in HIV, herped virus
167
essential components pf viruses
protein coat, genetic material
168
protein coat of viruses is called ; made up of
capsid ; small subunits called capsomeres
169
can virus have both RNA and DNA
no
170
phytophage infects ; genetic material
plants ; ss RNA
171
zoophage infects ; genetic material
animal; ss/ds RNA, ds DNA
172
bacteriophage infects ; genetic material
bacteria ; ds DNA
173
infectious part of viruses
genetic material
174
examples of deoxyribovirus(DNA virus)
bacteriophage
175
example of ribovirus
TMV , HIV
176
reproduction in viruses
they transfer their genetic material inside host cell, leaving capsid and envelope outside host
177
subviral viruses/satellite viruses
lack one of the essential components
178
smallest subviral agents
viroids
179
viroids were discovered by
diener
180
viroids lack
protein coat
181
viroids contain
free RNA
182
nature of RNA of viroids
low molecular weight
183
viroids caused
potato spindle tuber disease
184
prions were discovered by
alper et al
185
infectious material in prions
protein coats
186
nature of proteins of prions
abnormally folded
187
size of prions in comparison to viruses
similar in size to viruses
188
disease caused by prions
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) - c/a mad cow disease in cattle, creutz feldt jacob disease in humans(variant of BSE), kuru disease- laughing death disease, scarpie disease in sheeps
189
lichens are
symbiotic association of algae and fungi
190
algal member of lichens are called
phycobionts
191
fungal member of lichens are called
mycobiont
192
in lichens, algae nutrition is
autotrophic
193
in lichens, fungi nutrition is
heterotrophic
194
algal member of lichen usually belongs to
chlorophyceae
195
function of algae in lichens
providing food
196
fungal member of lichens usually belongs to
ascomycetes
197
function of fungal member of lichens
providing minerals, shelter, water
198
lichens are indicators of
pollution
199
do lichens grow in polluted areas
no
200
composition of lichens
5% algal member, 95% fungal member
