biological classification Flashcards
free living n2 fixating bacteria
Azotobacter, clostridium,Beijinrinckia
symbiotic n2 fixating bacteria
rhizobium,frankia,xanthomonas
vinegar production
acetobacter aceti
vinegar production
acetobacter aceti
curd, cheese, yoghurt production
lactobacillus,streptococcus lacti
retting of fibres
clostridium perfringes, pseudomonas inflorescence
curing of leaves
bacillus megatherium
what makes archaebacteris different from other bacterias
structure of cell wall of archaebacteria is responsible for its survival in harsh conditions, the cell membrane contains branch chained lipids in a lipid monolayer
archaebacteria living in marshy habitats
methanogens
where are methanogens found in animals, what are they responsible for producing
guts of ruminants like cows and buffaloes, responsible for producing methane gas from the dung of these animals.
archaebacteria present in salty conditions
halophiles
archaebacteria present in salty conditions
halophiles
archaebacteria present in region of extreme temperatures and acidity
thermoacidophiles
what temperature and salinity can thermoacidophiles tolerate
80°C and pH 2
what are eubacteria characterized by
rigid cell wall, if motile, flagellum
mode of nutrition of cyanobacteria
photosynthetic autotrophs with chlorophyll a
characteristics of bacteria
unicellular, filamentous colonial, 70s ribosomes, cell wall of peptidoglycan, most are heterotrophic some are autotrophic, reproduction is of asexual type - binary fission usually
characteristics of bacteria
unicellular, filamentous colonial, 70s ribosomes, cell wall of peptidoglycan, most are heterotrophic some are autotrophic, reproduction is of asexual type - binary fission usually
habitat of cyanobacteria
freshwater/marine or terrestrial algae
habitat of cyanobacteria
freshwater/marine or terrestrial algae
first organism to perform oxygenic photosynthesis
cyanobacteria
which bacteria forms blooms in polluted water bodies
cyanobacteria - anabaena flos-aquae ( algal blooms )
colonies of cyanobacteria are surrounded by
gelatinous sheth
symbiotic associations lf cyanobacteria
anabaena azollae - azolla(aquatic fern)
anabaena cycadae - cycas root ( gymnosperm )
cyanobacteria is characterized by
absence of flagellum
cyanobacteria with specialized cells that fix atmospheric n2
nostoc, anabaena
specialized cells that fix N2
heterocysts
most abundant bacteria
heterotrophic
cholera is caused by
vibrio cholerae
typhoid is caused by
salmonella typhi
tetanus is caused by
clostridium tetani
tetanus is caused by
clostridium tetani
citrus canker is caused by
xanthomonas citri
under unfavorable conditions bacteria produce
spores
red sea is caused by
cyanobacteria - trichodesmium erythroem
the smallest living cells
mycoplasma
mycoplasma are also called as
jokers of plant kingdom, PPLO, bacteria with their coats off
bacteria that is pathogenic to animals and plants
mycoplasma
describe bacterial structure and behaviour
structure is simple but behaviour is complex
group showing most metabolic diversity
bacteria
term protista was coined by ernst hackel
kingdom that forms link between plants animals and fungi
prostista
all single celled eukaryotes are placed under
prostista
reproduction in prostists
asexually by cell fusion, sexually by zygote formation
in protists movement is
by pseudopodia, flagella, cilia
mode of nutrition in protists
mixotrophic
protista are divided into
(dinoflagellates, diatoms, euglenoid) - photosynthetic
slime moulds-decomposers, protozoans
characteristics of protozoa
unicellular,eukaryotic, 80s ribosomes, 9+2 organisations of microtubules, photoautotrophic, good indicators of water pollution, lacking flagella except for in reproductive stage
habitat of diatoms
aquatic, fresh water
what is diatomaceous earth
build up of silica from the cell wall of diatoms
chief produccers of the ocean
diatoms
soap box structure of cell wall is present in
diatoms
use of diatomaceous earth
polishing, filtering of oil and syrups, sugarcane refineries
diatomaceous earth is also called as
diatomite, kiesulghr earth
examples of diatoms
triceratium, navicula, cymbella, melosira
habitat of dinoflagellates
mostly marine, few fresh water
red tide is caused by
gonyalaux
describe cell wall of dinoflagellates
cell wall contains stiff cellulosi plstes with pectin
dinoflagellates are also called as
armoured dinoflagellates, fire of the ocean, whirling whips
bioluminescent dinoflagellates
noctiluca, pyrodinium, pyrocystis
toxin producing dinoflagellates
gonyalaux catenella,gymnodium
name of toxin produced by dinoflagellates and what it causes
saxitoxin, PSP(paralytic shell fish poisoning)
describe euglenoid group
group pf chlorophyllous and non-chlorlphyllous organisms, most are fresh water organisms found in stagnant water
locomotory structure of euglenoids
flagella
describe cell wall of euglenoids
cell wall is absent, instead a proteinaceous elastic pellicle is present which make their body flexible
describe nutrition of euglenoids
mixotrophic, mostly photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight but if deprived prey on other organisms behaving like a heterotrophs
nature of photosynthetic pigment of euglenoids
chlorophyll a, present in higher plants
examples of euglenoids
euglena and paranema
largest genera of euglenoids
euglena
connecting link b/w animals and plants
euglenoids
characteristics of slime mould
free living, naked protoplast, no cell wall, saprotrophic
under favourable conditions slime moulds form
plasmodium
under unfavorable conditions, plasmodium
differentiates and forms fruiting bodies with spores at tips
nature of slime mould spores
possess true walls and extremely resistant can survive for year, dispersed by air currents
protozoans nutrition
heterotrophs and live as predators
protozoans are believed to be
primitive relatives of animals
divisions lf protozoas
amoeboid, flagellated, ciliated, sporozoans
amoeboid protozoans habitat
fresh water, sea water, moist soil
locomotory structure of amoeboid protozoans
pseudopodia
example of amoeboid protozoans
entamoeba, amoeba
marine forms lf amoeboid protozoans have
silica shells on theri surface
parasitic amoeboid protozoan
entamoeba - dysentery
flagellated protozoans nutrition
free living or parasitic
examples of parasitic flagellates
trypanosoma- sleeping sickness
ciliates habitat
marine / fresh water
ciliates are actively moving because
presence of thousands of cilia on their surface
example of ciliates
paramoecium
describe life cycle of sporozoans
diverse organisms with spore like stage in their life cycle
example of sporozoans
plasmodium - malarial parasite
nutrition of fungi
heterotrophs - saprophytes,parasites,symbionts
characteristics of fungi
haploid organisms,thalloid(except yeast) fungal body is made up of thread like structures called hyphae.
network of hyphae is called
mycelium
coenocytic hyphae
aseptate,multinculeate
in most fungi hyphae is
septate
cell wall of fungi is made up of
chitin and polysaccharides
reproduction in fungi
vegetative, fragmentation, fission, budding, asexual method by spores conidia, sporangiospore, zoospore
sexual spores - oospore, ascospores, basiodiospores
what is fruiting bodies
sexual spore producing body
fusion of protoplasms is called
plasmogamy
fusion of teo nuclei
karyogamy
what factors form the basis of classification in the fungi kingdom
morphology of mycelium,mode of spore formation, fruiting bodies
zoospore characteristics
motile, wall less, endogenous, found in oomycetes
characteristics of aplanospore
thick walled, non motile, endogenous
found in oomycetes
sporangiospore characteristics
thin walled, endogenous,non motile, found in zygomycetes
conidia characteristics
non motile, exogenous,thin walled, ascomycetes
fungi is divided into
phycomycetes(oomycetes - algal fungi, zygomycetes- conjugation fungi) ascomycetes - sac fungi, basidiomycetes - club fungi, deutromycetes - fungi imperfecti
fruiting body and spore of ascomycetes
ascocarp ascospores, non motile, endogenous
fruiting body lf basidiomycetes and spores
basidiocarp basidiospores exogenous,non motile
habitat of phycomycetes
aquatic ,moist damp
hyphal wall of oomycetes contains
cellulose
mycelium of oomycetes is
aseptate
asexual spore of oomycetes
zoospore, aplanospore
in oomycetes zygote and sexual spore is
oospore
examples of oomycetes
phytophthora infestans, albugo candida, pythium candida
late bliggt kf potato caused by
phytophthora infestans
white rust of leafe cause by
albugo candida
damping of seedlings
pythium candida
cell wall of conjugation fungi is made up lf
chitin
sexual spore of zygomycetes
zygospore
asexual spore lf zygomycetes
sporangiospore
examples of zygomycetes
mucor( dung mould), rhizopus ( bread mould
ascomycetes mycelium
septate
cell wall of ascomycetes
chitin
asexual spore in ascomycetes
conidia
re motile structure present in ascomycetes
no
describe life cycle kf ascomycetes
monokaryotic mycelium is dominated, dikaryotic is recessive
site of karyogamy and meiosis in ascomycetes
ascus
dikaryotization method is by ascomycetes
crozier method
examples of ascomycetes
penicillium, yeast, aspergillus,neurospora,claviceps,morels and truffles
neurospora are used in
biochemical and genetic work
ascomycetes grow on
dung ( corprophilous fungi)
basidiomycetes are also called as
bracket fungi, puffballs, club fungi,
most advanced and common ungi
basidiomycetes
are asexual spores usually present in basidiomycetes
no
karyogamy and meiosis take place in basidiomycetes
basidium, forming 4 basidiospores
nature of basidiospores
exogenous
life cycle of basidiomycetes
primary myceis recessive, secondary mycelium is dominat
dikaryotization in basidiomycetes is by
clamp connection
examples of basidiomycetes
ustilago(smut fungus), puccinia( wheat rust fungus), agaricus (common fiel mushroom)
deutromycetes are also called as ; reason
imperfect fungi ; perfect method of sexual reproduction is absent
asexual reproduction in deutromycetes by
conidia
mycelium kf deutromycetes
septate and branched
examples of deutromycetes
alternaria,collectrichum,trichoderma
what type of fungi helphs in mineral cycling and litter decomposition
deutromycetes
early blight of potato caused by
alternaria solani
bengal famine caused by
helminthosporium (leaf spot of rice)
examples of insectivorous plants
bladderwort,venous flytrap
examples of parasitic plants
cuscuta
symbiotic association of ungus with roots of higher plants is called
mycorrhiza(fungal roots)
in ungal roots, fungus provides
h20, N,P,S
in mycorrhiza, plants provide
shelter, protection
do mycorrhizal roots have root cap
no
two types of mycorrhiza
ectomycorhiza,endomycorhiza/VAM
describe ectomycorhiza
fungal mycelium is external, present as a network called hartig net,
fungal members of ectomycorhiza belong to
basidiomycetes
examples of ectomycorhiza
pinus, oak
describe endomycorhiza
Vesicular Aurbuscular Mycorrhiza, penetrates roots and forms vesicles or aurbuscles
fungal members of endomycorhiza belong to
zygomycetes
examples of endomycorhiza
orchid roots, they seldom occur without mycorrhiza
why are viruses not placed in the classification
they are not considered living
structure of virus
inert crystalline structure outside the living cell
who was the first to recognise viruses and ehich virus
Dimitri iwanowsky ; tobacco mosaic virus
who was the first to state that viruses are infectious
beijerinck
state beijerinck’s statement
contagium vivum fluidum
who showed that viruses could be crystallized
stanley
what do the crystals of viruses contain
proteins, mostly
non essential component of virus ; present in
envelope ; found in HIV, herped virus
essential components pf viruses
protein coat, genetic material
protein coat of viruses is called ; made up of
capsid ; small subunits called capsomeres
can virus have both RNA and DNA
no
phytophage infects ; genetic material
plants ; ss RNA
zoophage infects ; genetic material
animal; ss/ds RNA, ds DNA
bacteriophage infects ; genetic material
bacteria ; ds DNA
infectious part of viruses
genetic material
examples of deoxyribovirus(DNA virus)
bacteriophage
example of ribovirus
TMV , HIV
reproduction in viruses
they transfer their genetic material inside host cell, leaving capsid and envelope outside host
subviral viruses/satellite viruses
lack one of the essential components
smallest subviral agents
viroids
viroids were discovered by
diener
viroids lack
protein coat
viroids contain
free RNA
nature of RNA of viroids
low molecular weight
viroids caused
potato spindle tuber disease
prions were discovered by
alper et al
infectious material in prions
protein coats
nature of proteins of prions
abnormally folded
size of prions in comparison to viruses
similar in size to viruses
disease caused by prions
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) - c/a mad cow disease in cattle, creutz feldt jacob disease in humans(variant of BSE), kuru disease- laughing death disease, scarpie disease in sheeps
lichens are
symbiotic association of algae and fungi
algal member of lichens are called
phycobionts
fungal member of lichens are called
mycobiont
in lichens, algae nutrition is
autotrophic
in lichens, fungi nutrition is
heterotrophic
algal member of lichen usually belongs to
chlorophyceae
function of algae in lichens
providing food
fungal member of lichens usually belongs to
ascomycetes
function of fungal member of lichens
providing minerals, shelter, water
lichens are indicators of
pollution
do lichens grow in polluted areas
no
composition of lichens
5% algal member, 95% fungal member