morphology of flowering plants Flashcards
1
Q
describe roots
A
Underground, cylindrical,non-green part of plant, lacks nodes, buds, leaves
2
Q
nature of roots
A
positively geotropic, negatively phototropic
3
Q
describe tap root system
A
primary root elongates from radicle and differentiates into lateral, secondary, tertiary, etc roots
4
Q
example of tao root systems
A
most dicots ; mango, kidney beans
5
Q
describe fibrous roots
A
primary root is short lived and instead is replaced by number of fibrous roots that originate from base of stem
6
Q
examples of fibrous roots
A
wheat, coconut, corn, maize
7
Q
describe adventitious roots
A
when roots originate from any other part of plant other than radicle
8
Q
examples of adventitious roots
A
grass, monstera, banyan
9
Q
main functions of roots
A
absorption of water and minerals from soil, Anchorage to plant, storage of food materials, synthesis lf plant growth hormones
10
Q
apex of root is covered by ; function
A
a thimble like structure called root cap ; protects the tender apex of root top
11
Q
describe root cap
A
multicellular, parenchymatous cells
12
Q
below the root cap is the
A
region of meristematic activity
13
Q
decribe cells of meristematic region
A
thin walled, dense protoplasm, small, undergo repeated division
14
Q
region proximal to region of meristematic region
A
region of elongation
15
Q
region of elongation is responsible for
A
growth of roots in length
16
Q
storage roots
A
primary roots modify to assume shapes and store food
17
Q
examples
A
beet, radish, carrot, turnip, sweet potato
18
Q
respiratory roots
A
some plants like rhizophora, growing in swampy areas, roots rise upwards and out of the ground for respiration. called pneumatophores
19
Q
examples pf respiratory roots
A
rhizophora, mangroove trees
20
Q
prop roots
A
roots that arise from branches to provide mechanical support
21
Q
examples of prop roots
A
banyan tree,
22
Q
stilt roots
A
roots arising from lower nodes of stem for anchorage of main axis and enter soild obliquely
23
Q
examples of stilt roots
A
sugarcane, maize
24
Q
describe stem
A
ascending part of plant, green, bearn nodes, internodes, buds, leaves, flowers, fruits
25
stem arises from
plumule part of embryo of germinating seed
26
portion from which leaves arise in stem
nodes
27
portion of stem between two nodes
internodes
28
bud is defined as
immature, young, under-developed, compact shoot
29
two types of buds are
terminal, axillary budd
30
terminal bud is
present at the tip of stem ; growth of bran hes is accomplished through terminal bud
31
terminal bud is also called as
apical bud
32
axillary bud is
present between the leaf that makes an angle with the stem
33
axillary bud is also called as
lateral bud
34
function of stems
stem bears, leaves, flowers, fruits, conduction of water and minerals and photosynthates, storage lf food, protection, vegetative propagation
35
modifications of stem
Underground stem, stem tendrils, thorns, sub-aerial weak stem, aerial stems, cladode
36
Underground stem is divided into
rhizome, tuber, corm, bulb
37
describe underground stem
stem is modified to penetrate the soil and act as a storage organ in some planst and organ of perennation during unfavorable conditions
38
describe rhizhome
it grows parallel or horizontal to soil surface, bears nodes, internodes and leaves
39
examples of rhizome
ginger , banana, turmeric, ferns
40
describe tuber
terminal portion of underground stem that swells up to act as a storage organ for food
41
examples of tuber
potato, helianthus tuberosus(jerusalem artichoke)
42
describe corm
grows vertically, bears nodes, internodes, leaves
43
examples of corm
colocasia, colchicum, crocus, gladiolus, amorphophallus(zaminakand)
44
describe bulb
stem is reduced, disc shaped, concentric circles of leaves surround the bud, inner leaves are fleshy and edible and the outer ones are dry
45
examples lf bulb
lily, onion, garlic
46
describe stem tendrils
axillary buds modify to form tendrils that provide support and anchorage.
tendrils are long slender thread like structures that wrap around nearby stem for support
47
examples of stem tendrils
grape vine, gourds( watermelon, cucumber, pumpkin)
48
describe thorns
axillary buds modify and lose their ability to grow and form pointed woody structures called thorns ; they prevent browsing animals to feed on the plants
49
examples lf thorns
citrus and Bougainvillea
50
sub-aerial weak stem is divided into
suckers, runners, offsets, stolons
51
describe offsets
the stem grows laterally and bear internodes, and nodes, an offset/rosette of leave grow from the nodes and a tuft of roots below the stem
52
examples of offsets
pistia, eichhornia
53
describe suckers
stem grows laterally and branches grow under the soil to some distance and then grow out obliquely to form aerial branches
54
examples of suckers
banana, Pineapple, chrysanthemum
55
describe runners
the lateral branch is elongated and prostate and has internodes and roots at nodes
56
examples of runners
grass, oxalis
57
describe stolon
the lateral branch arises from main stem and grows above the soil flr some distance and then touches the groun
58
examples of stolons
mint, jasmine
59
describe aerial stem
plants in arid region modify stem to form flattened structures or fleshy cylindrical structures
60
exampf aerial stem
flattened structures ( opuntia), fleshy cylindrical structures (, euphorbia) phylliclade
61
describe leaf
lateral, flattened, bears bud, arises from shoot apical meristem, arranged in acropetal arrangement on stem
62
most important vegetative organ for photosynthesis
leaf
63
leaf consists of
leaf base (hypopodium) , petiole( mesopodium) , lamina ( epipodium)
64
describe leaf base
lowermost part of leaf through which it is attached to stem . it may bear stipules
65
in monocots, leafe base
expands to form a sheath
66
in leguminous plants
the leave base swells up to form pulvinus
67
describe petiols
cylindrical stalk that attaches leaf base to leaf blade.
68
function of petiols
to hole the leaf up to provide it sunlight, let it flutter in the wind
69
describe lamina
lamina is also called as leaf blade, green expanded part of leaf
70
prominent vein the middle of leaf blade
midrib
71
function of veins in leaves
provide rigidity snd transpot of water, minerals, food
72
venation
arrangement of veins and veinlets in lef blade
73
reticulate venation
veinlets form a network of veins
74
examples of reticulate venation
hibiscus, luffa most dicots
75
examples of reticulate venation
hibiscus, luffa, peepal most dicots
76
parallel venation; examples
veins run parallel to midrib ; monocot, banana
77
types of leaves
simple, compound, palmately compound
78
simple leaf
when incised, the incisions do not touch midrib
79
compound leave are of two types
pinnately compound, palmately compound
80
pinnately compound leaf ; examples
midrib forms common axis called rachis ; neem
81
palmately compound leaf ; examples
leaflets are attached to common point and form cluster; silk cotton
82
phyllotaxy is
pattern in which leaves are arranged on the stem
83
alternate phyllotaxy ; examples
leaves are present in an alternate fashion with one leave on each bud ; china rose(shoeflower), mustard, sunflower
84
opposite phyllotaxy; examples
a pair of leaves arise from both sides of bud and opposite sides ; guava, calotropis
85
whorled phyllotaxy
more than two leaves arise at each node and form a whorl ; alstonia, nerium
86
modifications of leaves
leaf tendrils, spines, storage organ, phyllodes
87
leaf tendrils; examples
leafs modify to form thin threadlike slender tendrils that coil around a support ; pea, sweet pea
88
leaf spines ; examples
leaf modify to form thorns that reduce transpiration and protect from browsing animals : aloe, cactus
89
storage organ ; examples
leaves act as a storage organ in onion and garlic
90
phyllodes: examples
leave are small and short lived modify to form flat green coloured leaf like structure that perform photosynthesis ; australian acacia,
91
leaf pitchers : examples
leaves of some plants modify to act as traps for insects ; venus flytrap, sarracenia, nepenthes
92
inflorescence and types
arrangement of flowers on floral axis : racemose, cymose
93
shoot modifies to form
flowers
94
do internodes change during floral meristem formation
no
95
racemose ; examples
shoot axis grows indefinitely and flowers are arranged in acropetal manner ( youngest at the apex, oldest at bottom) ; radish, lupin, mustard
96
cymose inflorescence; examples
main axis terminates and flower are arranged in basipetal manner ( oldest at apex, youngest at bottom) ; Bougainvillea, solanum, dianthus
97
what is the reproductive unit in angiosperms
flower
98
how many whorls does a typical flower have
4 arranged successively on swollen end of stalk or pedicel - thalamus
99
accessory whorls
calyx and corolla
100
reproductive organ for flowers
androecium and gynoecium
101
what is perianth ; example
when calyx and corolla are not distinct;lily
102
flower having both androecium and gynoecium
bisexual flower
103
members of perianth are called
tepals
104
a flower either only stamens or only carpals
unisexual flower
105
examples of bisexual flower
pea, hibiscus
106
examples of unisexual flower
maize
107
bracteate flower
reduced leaf around base of pedicel is present
108
examples of monoecious plant
castor, coconuts
109
actinomorphic flower; examples
radial symmetry; mustard,datura,chilli
110
zygomorphic flower;examples
bilateral symmetry; pea,gulmohar,bean, cassia
111
asymmetrical flower ; examples
irregular; canna
112
hypogynous flower ; examples
ovary occupies the highest position; mustard, brinjal, china rose
113
perigynous; examples
gynoecium is situated in centre and other parts of flower are present on the rim of thalamus; plum,rose,peach
114
epigynous gynoecium; examples
ovary is enclosed completely by margin of thalamus and is fused with it, other parts of plant are above the ovary; guava, cucumber, ray florets of sunflowers
115
what is the outermost whorl of flower; members are called
calyx; sepals
116
function of sepals
protect the flower in bud stage
117
gamosepalous condition
sepals are united
118
polysepalous condition
sepals are free
119
members of corolla; function
petals; brightly coloured to attract insects for pollination
120
corolla shapes
tubular, wheel, bell, funnel
121
what is aestivation
arrangement of petals or sepals in floral bud wrt other members of the same whorl
122
valvate aestivation; examples
when sepals or petals touch each other at the margin without overlapping; calotropis
123
twisted aestivation; examples
when sepals or petals overlap each other one over another in a particular direction; china rose, lady's finger, cotton
124
imbricate aestivation; examples
when sepals or petals overlap each other at margins in particular direction ; cassia, gulmohar
125
vexillary aestivation/papillioneceous
the largest petal(standard)or sepal overlaps the two lateral petals(wings) which overlaps two smaller anterior petals(keel) ; pea, bean
126
what is androecium composed of
stamens
127
each stamen consists of
stalk/filament and Anther
128
anthers are usually
bilobed
129
each lobe of an anther has two ; sterile stamen
pollen sacs; staminode
130
variation in the length of filaments of flower are seen
salvia and mustard
131
when stamens are attached to petals
epipetallous condition; brinjal
132
when stamens are attached to tepals
epiphyllous condition; lily
133
when stamens are free
polysndrous
134
monoadelphous
stamens are united into one bunch; china rose
135
diadephelous
