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botany > morphology of flowering plants > Flashcards

morphology of flowering plants Flashcards

1
Q

describe roots

A

Underground, cylindrical,non-green part of plant, lacks nodes, buds, leaves

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2
Q

nature of roots

A

positively geotropic, negatively phototropic

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3
Q

describe tap root system

A

primary root elongates from radicle and differentiates into lateral, secondary, tertiary, etc roots

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4
Q

example of tao root systems

A

most dicots ; mango, kidney beans

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5
Q

describe fibrous roots

A

primary root is short lived and instead is replaced by number of fibrous roots that originate from base of stem

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6
Q

examples of fibrous roots

A

wheat, coconut, corn, maize

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7
Q

describe adventitious roots

A

when roots originate from any other part of plant other than radicle

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8
Q

examples of adventitious roots

A

grass, monstera, banyan

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9
Q

main functions of roots

A

absorption of water and minerals from soil, Anchorage to plant, storage of food materials, synthesis lf plant growth hormones

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10
Q

apex of root is covered by ; function

A

a thimble like structure called root cap ; protects the tender apex of root top

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11
Q

describe root cap

A

multicellular, parenchymatous cells

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12
Q

below the root cap is the

A

region of meristematic activity

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13
Q

decribe cells of meristematic region

A

thin walled, dense protoplasm, small, undergo repeated division

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14
Q

region proximal to region of meristematic region

A

region of elongation

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15
Q

region of elongation is responsible for

A

growth of roots in length

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16
Q

storage roots

A

primary roots modify to assume shapes and store food

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17
Q

examples

A

beet, radish, carrot, turnip, sweet potato

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18
Q

respiratory roots

A

some plants like rhizophora, growing in swampy areas, roots rise upwards and out of the ground for respiration. called pneumatophores

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19
Q

examples pf respiratory roots

A

rhizophora, mangroove trees

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20
Q

prop roots

A

roots that arise from branches to provide mechanical support

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21
Q

examples of prop roots

A

banyan tree,

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22
Q

stilt roots

A

roots arising from lower nodes of stem for anchorage of main axis and enter soild obliquely

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23
Q

examples of stilt roots

A

sugarcane, maize

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24
Q

describe stem

A

ascending part of plant, green, bearn nodes, internodes, buds, leaves, flowers, fruits

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25
Q

stem arises from

A

plumule part of embryo of germinating seed

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26
Q

portion from which leaves arise in stem

A

nodes

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27
Q

portion of stem between two nodes

A

internodes

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28
Q

bud is defined as

A

immature, young, under-developed, compact shoot

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29
Q

two types of buds are

A

terminal, axillary budd

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30
Q

terminal bud is

A

present at the tip of stem ; growth of bran hes is accomplished through terminal bud

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31
Q

terminal bud is also called as

A

apical bud

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32
Q

axillary bud is

A

present between the leaf that makes an angle with the stem

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33
Q

axillary bud is also called as

A

lateral bud

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34
Q

function of stems

A

stem bears, leaves, flowers, fruits, conduction of water and minerals and photosynthates, storage lf food, protection, vegetative propagation

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35
Q

modifications of stem

A

Underground stem, stem tendrils, thorns, sub-aerial weak stem, aerial stems, cladode

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36
Q

Underground stem is divided into

A

rhizome, tuber, corm, bulb

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37
Q

describe underground stem

A

stem is modified to penetrate the soil and act as a storage organ in some planst and organ of perennation during unfavorable conditions

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38
Q

describe rhizhome

A

it grows parallel or horizontal to soil surface, bears nodes, internodes and leaves

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39
Q

examples of rhizome

A

ginger , banana, turmeric, ferns

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40
Q

describe tuber

A

terminal portion of underground stem that swells up to act as a storage organ for food

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41
Q

examples of tuber

A

potato, helianthus tuberosus(jerusalem artichoke)

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42
Q

describe corm

A

grows vertically, bears nodes, internodes, leaves

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43
Q

examples of corm

A

colocasia, colchicum, crocus, gladiolus, amorphophallus(zaminakand)

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44
Q

describe bulb

A

stem is reduced, disc shaped, concentric circles of leaves surround the bud, inner leaves are fleshy and edible and the outer ones are dry

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45
Q

examples lf bulb

A

lily, onion, garlic

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46
Q

describe stem tendrils

A

axillary buds modify to form tendrils that provide support and anchorage.
tendrils are long slender thread like structures that wrap around nearby stem for support

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47
Q

examples of stem tendrils

A

grape vine, gourds( watermelon, cucumber, pumpkin)

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48
Q

describe thorns

A

axillary buds modify and lose their ability to grow and form pointed woody structures called thorns ; they prevent browsing animals to feed on the plants

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49
Q

examples lf thorns

A

citrus and Bougainvillea

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50
Q

sub-aerial weak stem is divided into

A

suckers, runners, offsets, stolons

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51
Q

describe offsets

A

the stem grows laterally and bear internodes, and nodes, an offset/rosette of leave grow from the nodes and a tuft of roots below the stem

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52
Q

examples of offsets

A

pistia, eichhornia

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53
Q

describe suckers

A

stem grows laterally and branches grow under the soil to some distance and then grow out obliquely to form aerial branches

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54
Q

examples of suckers

A

banana, Pineapple, chrysanthemum

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55
Q

describe runners

A

the lateral branch is elongated and prostate and has internodes and roots at nodes

56
Q

examples of runners

A

grass, oxalis

57
Q

describe stolon

A

the lateral branch arises from main stem and grows above the soil flr some distance and then touches the groun

58
Q

examples of stolons

A

mint, jasmine

59
Q

describe aerial stem

A

plants in arid region modify stem to form flattened structures or fleshy cylindrical structures

60
Q

exampf aerial stem

A

flattened structures ( opuntia), fleshy cylindrical structures (, euphorbia) phylliclade

61
Q

describe leaf

A

lateral, flattened, bears bud, arises from shoot apical meristem, arranged in acropetal arrangement on stem

62
Q

most important vegetative organ for photosynthesis

A

leaf

63
Q

leaf consists of

A

leaf base (hypopodium) , petiole( mesopodium) , lamina ( epipodium)

64
Q

describe leaf base

A

lowermost part of leaf through which it is attached to stem . it may bear stipules

65
Q

in monocots, leafe base

A

expands to form a sheath

66
Q

in leguminous plants

A

the leave base swells up to form pulvinus

67
Q

describe petiols

A

cylindrical stalk that attaches leaf base to leaf blade.

68
Q

function of petiols

A

to hole the leaf up to provide it sunlight, let it flutter in the wind

69
Q

describe lamina

A

lamina is also called as leaf blade, green expanded part of leaf

70
Q

prominent vein the middle of leaf blade

A

midrib

71
Q

function of veins in leaves

A

provide rigidity snd transpot of water, minerals, food

72
Q

venation

A

arrangement of veins and veinlets in lef blade

73
Q

reticulate venation

A

veinlets form a network of veins

74
Q

examples of reticulate venation

A

hibiscus, luffa most dicots

75
Q

examples of reticulate venation

A

hibiscus, luffa, peepal most dicots

76
Q

parallel venation; examples

A

veins run parallel to midrib ; monocot, banana

77
Q

types of leaves

A

simple, compound, palmately compound

78
Q

simple leaf

A

when incised, the incisions do not touch midrib

79
Q

compound leave are of two types

A

pinnately compound, palmately compound

80
Q

pinnately compound leaf ; examples

A

midrib forms common axis called rachis ; neem

81
Q

palmately compound leaf ; examples

A

leaflets are attached to common point and form cluster; silk cotton

82
Q

phyllotaxy is

A

pattern in which leaves are arranged on the stem

83
Q

alternate phyllotaxy ; examples

A

leaves are present in an alternate fashion with one leave on each bud ; china rose(shoeflower), mustard, sunflower

84
Q

opposite phyllotaxy; examples

A

a pair of leaves arise from both sides of bud and opposite sides ; guava, calotropis

85
Q

whorled phyllotaxy

A

more than two leaves arise at each node and form a whorl ; alstonia, nerium

86
Q

modifications of leaves

A

leaf tendrils, spines, storage organ, phyllodes

87
Q

leaf tendrils; examples

A

leafs modify to form thin threadlike slender tendrils that coil around a support ; pea, sweet pea

88
Q

leaf spines ; examples

A

leaf modify to form thorns that reduce transpiration and protect from browsing animals : aloe, cactus

89
Q

storage organ ; examples

A

leaves act as a storage organ in onion and garlic

90
Q

phyllodes: examples

A

leave are small and short lived modify to form flat green coloured leaf like structure that perform photosynthesis ; australian acacia,

91
Q

leaf pitchers : examples

A

leaves of some plants modify to act as traps for insects ; venus flytrap, sarracenia, nepenthes

92
Q

inflorescence and types

A

arrangement of flowers on floral axis : racemose, cymose

93
Q

shoot modifies to form

A

flowers

94
Q

do internodes change during floral meristem formation

A

no

95
Q

racemose ; examples

A

shoot axis grows indefinitely and flowers are arranged in acropetal manner ( youngest at the apex, oldest at bottom) ; radish, lupin, mustard

96
Q

cymose inflorescence; examples

A

main axis terminates and flower are arranged in basipetal manner ( oldest at apex, youngest at bottom) ; Bougainvillea, solanum, dianthus

97
Q

what is the reproductive unit in angiosperms

A

flower

98
Q

how many whorls does a typical flower have

A

4 arranged successively on swollen end of stalk or pedicel - thalamus

99
Q

accessory whorls

A

calyx and corolla

100
Q

reproductive organ for flowers

A

androecium and gynoecium

101
Q

what is perianth ; example

A

when calyx and corolla are not distinct;lily

102
Q

flower having both androecium and gynoecium

A

bisexual flower

103
Q

members of perianth are called

A

tepals

104
Q

a flower either only stamens or only carpals

A

unisexual flower

105
Q

examples of bisexual flower

A

pea, hibiscus

106
Q

examples of unisexual flower

A

maize

107
Q

bracteate flower

A

reduced leaf around base of pedicel is present

108
Q

examples of monoecious plant

A

castor, coconuts

109
Q

actinomorphic flower; examples

A

radial symmetry; mustard,datura,chilli

110
Q

zygomorphic flower;examples

A

bilateral symmetry; pea,gulmohar,bean, cassia

111
Q

asymmetrical flower ; examples

A

irregular; canna

112
Q

hypogynous flower ; examples

A

ovary occupies the highest position; mustard, brinjal, china rose

113
Q

perigynous; examples

A

gynoecium is situated in centre and other parts of flower are present on the rim of thalamus; plum,rose,peach

114
Q

epigynous gynoecium; examples

A

ovary is enclosed completely by margin of thalamus and is fused with it, other parts of plant are above the ovary; guava, cucumber, ray florets of sunflowers

115
Q

what is the outermost whorl of flower; members are called

A

calyx; sepals

116
Q

function of sepals

A

protect the flower in bud stage

117
Q

gamosepalous condition

A

sepals are united

118
Q

polysepalous condition

A

sepals are free

119
Q

members of corolla; function

A

petals; brightly coloured to attract insects for pollination

120
Q

corolla shapes

A

tubular, wheel, bell, funnel

121
Q

what is aestivation

A

arrangement of petals or sepals in floral bud wrt other members of the same whorl

122
Q

valvate aestivation; examples

A

when sepals or petals touch each other at the margin without overlapping; calotropis

123
Q

twisted aestivation; examples

A

when sepals or petals overlap each other one over another in a particular direction; china rose, lady’s finger, cotton

124
Q

imbricate aestivation; examples

A

when sepals or petals overlap each other at margins in particular direction ; cassia, gulmohar

125
Q

vexillary aestivation/papillioneceous

A

the largest petal(standard)or sepal overlaps the two lateral petals(wings) which overlaps two smaller anterior petals(keel) ; pea, bean

126
Q

what is androecium composed of

A

stamens

127
Q

each stamen consists of

A

stalk/filament and Anther

128
Q

anthers are usually

A

bilobed

129
Q

each lobe of an anther has two ; sterile stamen

A

pollen sacs; staminode

130
Q

variation in the length of filaments of flower are seen

A

salvia and mustard

131
Q

when stamens are attached to petals

A

epipetallous condition; brinjal

132
Q

when stamens are attached to tepals

A

epiphyllous condition; lily

133
Q

when stamens are free

A

polysndrous

134
Q

monoadelphous

A

stamens are united into one bunch; china rose

135
Q

diadephelous

A

botany (4 decks)

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