plant kingdom Flashcards
1
Q
haplontic/gametophytic stage
A
concerned with formation of haploid gametes
2
Q
diplontic/sporophytic stage
A
concerned with formation of diploid spores
3
Q
haplontic life cycle
A
gametophyte is dominant, sporophyte is reduced
4
Q
examples of haplontic life cycle
A
most of algae
5
Q
diplontic life cycle
A
dominant phase sporophyte, reduced phase gametophyte
6
Q
examples of diplontic life cycle; exception
A
angiosperms, gymnosperm; fucus(brown algae)
7
Q
haplodiplontic life cycle
A
dominant phase gametophyte, recessive phase sporophyte
8
Q
examples of haplodiplontic life cycle; execptions
A
bryophyta, polysiphonia, ectocarpus, kelps, laminaria
9
Q
diplohaplontic life cycle
A
dominant phase-sporophytic, recessive phase- gametophyte
10
Q
examples of diplohaplontic life cycle
A
pteridophytes
11
Q
avascular plants
A
bryophyta
12
Q
non-spermatophyta
A
pteridophyta
13
Q
cryptogamae plants
A
thallophyta, pteridophyta,bryophyta
14
Q
phanaerogamae plants
A
angiosperms, gymnosperms
15
Q
describe thallophyta
A
chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic
16
Q
habitat of thallophyta
A
fresh, marine water, found on moist stones, soil, wood, association with fungi(lichens) animals like bear, sloth
17
Q
gametophyte in algae
A
photosynthetic, free living, independent
18
Q
sporophyte in algae
A
non photosynthetic, dependent, reduced
19
Q
isogameous ; flagellated, non flagellated examples
A
ulothrix(flagellated),spirogyra(non-flagellated)
20
Q
anisogamous examples in algae
A
eudorina
21
Q
oogamous in algae examples
A
volvox,fucus,polysiphonia
22
Q
thallophyta found in colonies
A
volvox
23
Q
thallophyta found in filamentous form
A
spirogyra,ulothrix
24
Q
asexual reproduction in thallophyta takes place by
A
zoospore, aplanospore
25
describe zoospore
cell wall is absent, endogenous, motile
26
describe aplanospore
endogenous, thick cell wall, non motile
27
types of thallophyta
chlorophyceae(green algae), phaephyceae(brown algae,rhodophyceae(red algae)
28
pigment in chlorophyceae
chlorophyll a, b
29
cell wall of green algae
cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin
outer wall is made up of pectose, inner wall is cellulose
30
reserve food material for green algae
starch in the form of pyrenoids containing protein body in the centre surrounded by starch granules
31
half of the total co2 fixation is carried out by
algae
32
examples of green algae
chlamydomonas,spirogyra,volvox,ulothrix,chara
33
habitat of brown algae
Marine water
34
pigment in brown algae
chlorophyll a,c
35
filamentous brownn algae
ectocarpus
36
branched, largest brown algae
kelps
37
other pigmemts of brown algae
carotenoids, xanthophylls
38
brown pigment in brown algae
fucoxanthin
39
reserve food material of brown algae
laminarin, mannitol
40
vegetative cells of brown algae have a
gelatinous, hydrocolloid coat of algin
41
describe algin
good water holding capacity
42
brown algae have root like steadfast
43
the protoplast of brown algae contains
plastids, centrally located vacuole, nucleus
44
brown algae have stalk like
stipe
45
brown algae have l leaf like
frond
46
asexual reproduction in most brown algae
biflagellated zoospores, pear shaped, two unequal laterally attached flagella
47
union of gametes in brown algae taked place
in water or inside oogonium
48
examples of brown algae
ectocarpus,kelps, laminaria, dictyota, sargassum, fucus
49
laminaria and fucus are a rich source of
iodine
50
pigmemts in red algae
r-phycoerythrin
51
majority of red algae are; greater concentrations are found in
marine; warmer areas
52
thallus of red algae
multicellular
53
chlorophyll present in red algae
a,c
54
reserve food material; similar to
floridean starch; similar to amylopectin, glycogen in structure
55
most advanced body organisation in algae
red algae
56
cell wall of red algae
agar, carrageen,funori
57
what is agar used for
tissue culture
58
what is agar used for
tissue culture
59
what is carrageen used for
thicknener
60
what is funori used for
adhesive
61
are motile structure found in red algae
no
62
examples of red algae
polysiphonia, porphyra, gracilaria, gelidium
63
algae increase the level of
oxygen in their immediate environments
64
algae are primary producers of
energy rich compounds
65
species of algae that are used as food
laminaria, sargassum, porphyra
66
agar is obtained from
gelidium, gracilaria
67
uses of chlorella
unicellular alga, rich in proteins
68
the chloroplasts of green algae may bec
discoid, ribbon, reticulate, plate like, cup shaped, spiral shaped
69
some algae may store food in the form of
oil droplets
70
bryophyta is also called as
amphibians of plant kingdom, 1st embryophyta, avascular cryptogamae plants
71
bryophyta includes
Mosses and liverworts
72
habitat of bryophyta
moist shaded areas
73
bryophyta play an important role in
plant succession on bare rocks/soils
74
plant body of bryophyta is
more differentiated than that of algae
75
describe plant body of bryophyta
thallus like, prostate or erect, attached to substratum by unicellular or multicellular rhizoids
76
sex organs in bryophyta are
multicellular
77
so zygote of bryophyta undergo meiosis immediately
no
78
the sporophyte in bryophyta is
non free living , derived nourishment from gametophyte
79
the sporophyte in bryophyta is
non free living , derived nourishment from gametophyte
80
sphagnum a mose
provides peat which is used as fuel, packing material for trans-shipments of living material due to its good water holding capacity
81
first organisms to colonize rocks
mosses and l lichens
82
uses of moss
decompose rocks making the substrate suitable for growth of higher plants, mosses form dense mats on soil, reduce impacts of falling rain , prevent soil erosion
83
earliest system o of classification was based on gross superficial morphological characters like
habitat, shape, colour, number of leaves based on vegetative characters or on androecium structure given by linnaeus
84
drawback of earliest system of classification
separated the closely related species, gave equal weightage to vegetative and sexual characters but vegetative characters are often easily affected by enviornment
85
separated the closely related studies
86
87
natural system of classification
based on natural affinities between organisms that focuses on external and internal features like ultra structures, anatomy, embryology, phytochemistry for flowering plants given by George bentham and j Joseph dalton hooker
88
phylogenetic classification system are based on
evolutionary relationships
89
phylogenetic classification system assumes that
organisms belonging to same taxa have a common ancestor this becomes more important when there is no supporting fossil evidence
90
numerical taxonomy is based on
observable characteristics
91
cytotaxonomy is based on
cytological information like chromosome number, structure and behaviour
92
chenmotaxonomy uses
chemical constituents of plant
93
94
mosses form dense mats on soil so
reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil erosion
95
habitat is liverworts
moist shady areas, like banks of streams, marshy ground, damp soil, bark of trees, deep in the woods
96
plant body of liverworts is
thalloid
97
describe thallus of liverworts
dorsiventral and closely apressed to substrate, leafy members have tiny leaf like appendages in two rows in stem like structures
98
asexual reproduction in liverworts
fragmentation or gemma formation
99
gemma
green, multicellular, asexual buds developing in small receptacles called gemma cups located in thallus
100
sexual reproduction in liverworts
sex organs are produced in either same or different thallus sporophyte is differentiated into foot, seta , capsule, spores are formed in capsule after meiosis
101
102
predominant phase of Mosses, gametophyte consists of
potonema stage, leafy stage
103
protonema stage is moss
creeping green branched that develops directly from spore, frequently filamentous
104
leafy stage of moss
develops from secondary protonema as a lateral bud, consists of an upright slender axis with spirally arranged leaves attached to soil by multicellular branches rhizoids, leafy stage bears sex organs
105
vegetative reproduction in mosses
fragmentation and budding in second protonema
106
in sexual reproduction of mosses
sex organs are are produced on the apix of leafy shoots, after fertilisation, zygote forms sporophyte consisting of foot, seta, capsule, castle capsule bears spores that are formed after meiosis, mosses have an elaborate mechanism of spore dispersal
107
examples of moss
funaria, spaghnum, polytrichum
108
109
110
pteridophytes include
horsetails and ferns
111
uses of pteridophytes
medicinal, ornamentals, soil binders
112
habitats of pteridophytes
cool, damp shady some may flourish in sandy soil
113
dominant phase in pteridophytes
sporophyte
114
main plant body of pteridophytes
well differentiated into true roots stems and leaves, vascular tissues,
115
leaves in pteridophytes
small(microphyll) like Lycopodium and selaginella, large(macrophyll) fern
116
117
sporophyte contains tiny leaf like appendages
sporophyll that subtend sporangia the sporangia produce spores from spore mother cells that undergo meiosis
118
the spores in pteridophytes
germinate to form, small, inconspicuous, multicellular, free living, mostly photosynthetic gametophyte called prothallus
119
in some pteridophytes, sporophyll may form
compact structures called strobili or cones (selaginella and equisetum)
120
prothallus habitat
cool damp shady environment to grow
121
the gametophyte of pteridophytes contains
male and female sex organs
122
zygote after fertilisation of male and female gametophyte in pteridophyte produces
a well differentiated sporophyte
123
in majority of pteridophytes, spores are
homosporous like Lycopodium and equisetum and dryopteris
124
heterosporous pteridophyte
selaginella and salvinia
125
in heterosporous pteridophyte, male and female gametophyte are formed by
microspore and megaspore
126
the female gametophyte in pteridophytes are retained on
parent sporophyte for variable periods and zygote develops in female gametophyte precursor to seed habit
127
128
psilopsida
psilotum
129
lycopsida
Lycopodium, selaginella
130
sphenopsida
equistem
131
pteropsida
dryopteris, pterid and adiantum
132
133
134
in angiosperm, ovules and pollen grains are enclosed in
flowers
135
in angiosperm, seeds are covered by
fruits
136
smallest angiosperm
wolffia
137
tall trees angiosperm
eucalyptus over 100 metre
138
139
uses of angiosperms
food, fodder, fuel medicines
140
ovules in gymnosperms are
not covered by ovary wall
141
seeds after fertilisation are
not covered
142
sequoia
one of the tallest tree species, gymnosperm
143
roots of gymnosperms are generally
tap roots
144
roots in some genera of gymnosperms are
in fungal association mycorhiza (pinus)
145
146
roots of g gymnosperms associated with cyanobacteria
coralloid roots of cycas with n2 fixating anabaena cycadallae
147
the stems in gymnosperms may be unbranched
cycas
148
the stems in gymnosperms maybe pe branched
pinus, cedrus
149
pinnate leaves in gymnosperms
persists for a few years like in cycas
150
leaves in gymnosperms are
well adapted to withstand extreme temperature, humidity, wind
151
in conifers leaves,
needle like leaves reduce surface area, thick cuticle and sunken stomata reduce water loss
152
153
are all gymnosperms heterosporous
yes
154
in gymnosperms two kinds of spores are produced within sporangia borne on
sporophyll that form compact structures called cones, strobili, or lax
155
the strobili in gymnosperms bear
microsporophyll and microsporangia are called microsporangiate or make strobili
156
the microspores in gymnosperms develop into
male gametophyte generation which is highly reduced and is confined to limited number of cells
157
reduced male gametophyte in gymnosperms is called
pollen grain
158
development of pollen grain tagged place inside
microsporangia
159
cones bearing megasporophyll with ovules or megasporangia are called
macrosporangiate or female strobili
160
heterothallic gymnosperms
cycas male strobili and megasporophyll are borne on different trees
161
homothallis gymnosperm
pinus
162
163
megaspore mother cell in gymnosperm is differentiated from
one of the cells of nucellus
164
nucellus is protected by
envelope
165
composite structure of nucellus and envelopes is called
ovules
166
megaspore mother cell undergo meiosis to form
four megaspores
167
one of the megaspore enclosed within megasporangium
develops into female multicellular gametophyte
168
gametophyte in gymnosperm bears
male or female (two or more) sex organs
169
multicellular female gametophyte retains on
megasporangium
170
gymnosperms gametophyte
not free living
171
sexual reproduction in gymnosperms
pollen grain is released from microsporangium, carried through air currents and comes in contact with opening of ovules borne in megasporophyll , pollen tube grows towards archaegonia on the megasporangium and discharge their contents near mouth of archaegonia
172
are seeds covered i in gymnosperms
no
173
