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1.1 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the stages of glycolysis

A
  • glucose is phosphorylated to form glucose phosphate
  • glucose phosphate is phosphorylated again to produce hexose bisphosphate
  • this is done to make glucose more reactive
  • hexose bisphosphate splits into 2 triose phosphate molecules
  • hydrogen atoms and phosphate groups are removed from the triose phosphate to form pyruvate
  • catalysed by dehydrogenase NAD is reduced and 2 ATP is formed
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2
Q

What are the products of glycolysis per glucose molecule

A

2 pyruvate, 2 reduced NAD, 2 net ATP

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3
Q

Describe the stages of anaerobic respiration in Animals and some Bacteria

A
  • In the absence of oxygen pyruvate accepts hydrogen from reduced NAD and forms lactate - when oxygen becomes available lactic acid is transported to liver converted to CO2 and water or glycogen and stored
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4
Q

What does Latic acid cause

A

muscle fatigue and cramps

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5
Q

Describe the stages of anaerobic respiration in Plants and Fungi

A
  • pyruvate is hydrolysed to ethanal catalysed by decarboxylase releasing CO2
  • ethanal is reduced to ethanol by receiving hydrogen from reduced NAD
  • irreversible build-up of ethanol will kill the cell
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6
Q

What is the purpose of Anaerobic Respiration

A

allows 2 NET ATP to keep forming from glycolysis

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7
Q

What is the purpose of glycolysis?

A

to produce a respiratory substrate that is able to enter the mitochondria

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8
Q

Describe the Stages of the Link Reaction

A
  • pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix
  • pyruvate is dehydrogenated by dehydrogenase enzyme which reduced NAD to form reduced NAD
  • pyruvate is decarboxylated by a decarboxylase enzyme CO2 is removed forming acetate
  • acetate combines with co-enzyme A forming acetyl coenzyme A
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9
Q

Describe the Stages of the Krebs Cycle

A
  • acetate is offloaded from coenzyme A to form 6C compound
  • citrate is dehydrogenated by dehydrogenase which reduced NAD is decarboxylated to form a 5C compound
  • 5C is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated to form a 4C compound and another molecule of reduced NAD
  • 4C compound is changed into another 4C compound in this reaction enough energy is released to phosphorylate ADP - ATP in
  • 4C compound is dehydrogenated FAD is reduced
  • 4C compound is dehydrogenated NAD is reduced
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10
Q

Describe the Stages of Oxidative Phosphorylated

A
  • reduced NAD & FAD are reoxidised splitting into H+ ions & electrons
  • electrons are passed along a chain of electron carriers & then donated to oxygen as the final electron acceptor
  • using the energy from these high energy electrons H+ ions are pumped from the matrix into the intermembrane space active transport - electrochemical gradient is established
  • H+ ions diffuse back into the matrix down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase
  • Energy from H+ ions used to phosphorylate ADP
  • Hydrogen atoms are produced from hydrogen ions and electrons. The
    atoms are then combined with oxygen to produce water
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11
Q

What happens to Oxidative Phosphorylation when there is no more oxygen present

A
  • electrons build up in the electron transport chain - no more electrons can flow protons can no longer be pumped no more production of ATP
  • reduced NAD & FAD are also not oxidised so link reaction and Krebs Cycle also stop
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12
Q

How many proton pumps do NAD and FAD power

A

NAD - 3
FAD - 2

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13
Q

How many ATP are produced from substrate level phosphorylation

A

4

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14
Q

How many ATP are produced from oxidative phosphorylation

A

34

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15
Q

Describe how lipids are respired

A
  • Lipids are hydrolysed to glycerol & fatty acids
  • Fatty acids are oxidised to produce acetate
  • Glycerol is phosphorylated with ATP to triose phosphate
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16
Q

Describe how proteins are respired

A
  • hydrolysed to amino acids
  • deaminated in the liver
  • urea is excreted
  • keto acids are formed -> join as pyruvate or acetyl co-enzyme in the Krebs Cycle
17
Q

How do camels produce metabolic water?

A
  • respiring lipids release lots of water due to many hydrocarbon chains
  • acetate -> dehydrogenate -> oxidative phosphorylation oxygen as the final electron acceptor
18
Q

Explain how having a larger number of proton pores in the inner mitochondrial membrane would result in a person being less likely to gain weight.

A
  • more pores results in more proton leakage back into the mitochondrial matrix
  • fewer protons diffuse down the electrochemical gradient back through ATP synthase
  • Less ATP more energy is released
  • Less excess energy results in less fat deposition or respire fat stores

1.1 (18 decks)

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