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1.1 > Independent Study Component 1 > Flashcards

Independent Study Component 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Competition from domestic animals

A
  • invasive species (usually domesticated animals)
  • outcompetes native species
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2
Q

Habitat Destruction

A
  • usually wetland drainage for agriculutral land or building
  • no shelter for animals -> particularly nesting animals
  • no areas for animals to reproduce
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3
Q

Natural Selection

A

Existing in species do not have the ability to survive in a changing environment

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4
Q

Deforestation

A
  • removal of large areas of rainforest
  • destroying large areas of specialised habitat
  • causes soil erosion as tree roots bind soil together
  • global warming
  • less photosynthesis
  • cut down trees releasing CO2 into the atmosphere
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5
Q

Habitat Destruction

A
  • wetland drainage for agricultural land or building
  • no shelter for animals -> particularly among nesting animals
  • no areas for animals to reproduce
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6
Q

Loss of Hedgerows

A
  • increase field sizes for the use of machinery
  • destroys wildlife corridors
  • as a result herbivore population reduces in numbers
  • therefore carnivores that eat these herbivores also reduce in numbers
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7
Q

Pollution (PCBs and Oil)

A
  • unregulated industry polluting rivers
  • oil prevents the oxygenation of surface water
  • animals (birds) which interacts with the surface of the water of the water feathers clump together and cannot provide insulation
  • shore dwelling animals are poisoned
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8
Q

Hunting and Collecting

A
  • collecting for food or profits
  • overfishing
    can be hunted to extinction
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9
Q

Protecting Habitat & Nature reserves

A
  • prevents biodiversity from being damaged or destroyed
  • managed to improve and maintain habitat quality
  • act as living gene banks
  • maintains natural habitat
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10
Q

Restriction on Trade

A
  • reduce number killed
  • Less harvesting of organisms increases biodiversity
  • ensure trade specimens if animals and plants which do not threaten the survival of the species in the wild
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11
Q

Zoo Breeding Programmes

A
  • animals on the edge of extinction can be taken into zoos
  • animals from several subspecies can breed
    animals can be outbred with animals from different zoos
  • maintaining genetic diversity by deliberate choice of parents
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12
Q

Sperm banks / Seed banks

A
  • damage to ecosystems
  • can be used to store specific alleles
  • can be sent around the world as part of breeding programmes
  • (seeds degrade so periodically samples are thawed and germinated so another generation of seeds can be collected)
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13
Q

Reintroductions

A
  • allows species to be re-introduced into areas where they have been previously gone extinct
  • where a a species has been lost individuals can be re-introduced
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13
Q

Why is conservation important?

A

ethical reasons: the uniqueness of a species is intrinsically valuable
agriculture: conservation of rarer alleles (selective breeding has lost genetic diversity)
conserving alleles that may be useful in the future - medical uses (antibiotics) undiscovered drugs

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13
Q

What is the effect of pesticides on the environment?

A
  • require huge amounts of fossil fuels to transport them
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13
Q

How do pesticides increase agricultural population?

A
  • past epidemics would otherwise occur particularly in monocultures
  • reduces competition from other plants
  • reduces damage and disease increase yield and quality
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14
Q

How do artificial fertilisers increase agricultural population?

A
  • supplies nitrogen quickly -> essential for crop growth (+phosphate and magnesium)
  • higher yields
  • nutrients no longer limiting
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15
Q

What is the effect of artificial fertilisers on the environment?

A
  • reduces biodiversity pastures as grass outcompetes wild crops
  • eutrophication
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16
Q

How does removal of hedgerows increases the agricultural popualtion?

A
  • more crop space
  • allows space for machinery to prepare soil and harvest crops
  • allows large machines to work effectively
  • reduces labour costs
  • faster harvesting
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17
Q

What is the effect of removal of hedgerows to increase field size on the environment

A
  • habitat destruction -> highly specialised habitat which disrupts the ecosystem
  • no wildlife corridor
  • animal population inbreed
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18
Q

How does drainage of water meadows increase the agricultural population?

A
  • sustaining soil temperatures - to trigger rapid growth
  • forest protection nutrient deposits and oxygenation
  • more land can be farmed
19
Q

What is the effect of draining water meadows on the environment?

A
  • loss of biodiversity
  • ground water deposition
  • flood risk
  • soil degrading
  • loss of wetland habitat
20
Q

How do monocultures increase agricultural population?

A
  • higher efficiency and productivity
  • easy management
  • increased efficiency -> the best use of expensive specialised machinery
21
Q

What is the effect of monocultures on the environment?

A
  • soil degrading
  • heavy use of pedestrians
  • pollution of ground water
  • less biodiversity
  • greater soil deficiency
22
Q

What are the reasons for deforestation?

A
  • obtaining building material
  • clearing land for agriculture / livestock
  • high value trees
  • new roads
  • road and housing development
23
Q

What are the consequences of deforestation?

A
  • soil erosion - allows wind and rain to blow topsoil into flood plains
  • lowland flooding
  • less rainfall accelerating denitrification
  • habitat loss - accelerating loss of tropical species
  • effects of global warming as CO2 is released from decaying trees
  • reducing rainfall in tropical rainforest
24
Q

deforestation is in tropical areas. Why is this a problem?

A
  • cuts indigenous people out of jobs
  • accelerates loss of biodiversity
  • loss of advantageous alleles
25
Q

describe the slash and burn method of managing forests

A
  • small forest area is cut and burned
  • crops are grown on ash fertilised soil
  • when soil is no longer fertile - people leave and the area regenerates over time

Advantages
- sustainable on a small scale
- this clearing can also double as a source of timber
Disadvantages
- not suitable on the scale required today

26
Q

describe the selective cutting method on managing forests

A

Advantages
- useful on slopes as removing all trees leads to soil erosion
- helps maintain soil fertility
Disadvantages
- only a small amount of timbre is removed each year

27
Q

describe long rotation time on managing forests

A

Advantages
- many years are left between harvesting so variety of habitats and diverse range
Disadvantages
- long between harvesting wood

27
Q

what steps can be taken to improve efficiency of forestry

A
  • planting trees optimum distance apart (as too close together intraspecific competition occurs
  • controlling pests and diseases
  • cutting trees on a cycle where areas are left uncut so that wildlife persists so there is sustainable production
28
Q

Explain how overfishing has resulted in a loss of biodiversity

A
  • introduction of large vessels and new technology allowed more fish to be caught
  • fewer fish are able to breed
  • reduces prey available to predators leading to predators dying
29
Q

what are the advantage of exclusion zones?

A
  • maintain biodiversity of the ecosystem
  • increased fish population
  • food and predators controlled
  • breeding grounds are protected
30
Q

what are the disadvantages of exclusion zones?

A
  • contributes to climate change
  • easy disease transmission
  • fishermen lose income
31
Q

what are the advantages of removing subsides?

A
  • reduces overfishing
  • improved food security
32
Q

what are the disadvantages of removing subsides?

A
  • not as many fish available
  • loss of income
33
Q

what are the advantages of fishing quotas?

A
  • limits maximum fish available to be caught (reduces overfishing)
34
Q

what are the disadvantages of fishing quotas?

A
  • not as many fish available to eat the
  • dead fish are thrown back into the ocean when quota is met
35
Q

what are the advantages of reducing fishing vessels

A
  • reduces effort and range of boats
  • reduces overfishing
  • reduces ocean oil pollution
36
Q

what are the disadvantages of reducing fishing vessels?

A
  • oversaturates fish farms
  • loss of jobs
  • dominance of larger fishing vessels
37
Q

what are the advantages of reducing fishing times?

A
  • reduces overfishing
  • doesn’t over agitate fish population
  • allows fish to breed without being interrupted (fishing time isn’t in breeding season)
38
Q

what are the disadvantages of reducing fishing time?

A
  • not as much available fish
39
Q

what are the advantages of controlling the mesh size?

A
  • only large reproductively mature fish
  • controls the fish population
40
Q

what are the disadvantages of controlling the mesh size

A
  • doesn’t control disease
  • also doesn’t necessarily mean more sustainable as large fish might’ve not necessarily reproduced
41
Q

what are the advantages of eating MSC fish

A
  • controls marine ecosystems
  • sustainability
  • traceability
42
Q

what are the disadvantages of eating MSC fish

A
  • doesn’t really include non traditional fish
43
Q

what are the advantages eating non traditional fish

A
  • lower contaminate levels
  • reduce pressure on overfished species and promote a more balanced marine ecosystem
44
Q

what are disadvantages of eating non traditional fish

A
  • might impact numbers of non-traditional fish
  • some fish need to be transported long distances
45
Q

why are diseases common on fish farms and why do treatments lead to environment problems?

A
  • farmed salmon are often very dense so easily transmitted diseases
  • high does of antibiotics are required to keep the fish healthy
  • farmed fish experiences stress due to overcrowding
  • treatment is toxic to other organisms
46
Q

what are some negative effects of fish farming on the environment?

A
  • escaped fish - farmed fish interbreed with wild fish and set up populations which can push wild fish to extinction
  • toxins accumulate in the food chain ( can eventually end up in humans
  • destruction of groundwater
  • eutrophication
  • large carbon footprint
47
Q

what are some positive benefits of fish farming?

A
  • increased food production to try and meet demand
  • creates jobs and supports income development
  • food security

1.1 (15 decks)

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