Respiration Flashcards
List the respritory tract functions
Gas exchange (bothe blood and lungs)
Tenpreture regulation (breath rate increases tempreture)
pH balance (CO2 increase acidity)
Water regulation (exhalation of water)
Removal of waste
Phonation
Olfactory
Describe the upper tract
Begingins at the nostrils, there is a soft and hard platae the divid the nasal cavity and mouth acvity.
The larynx leads to the phraynx.
In the nasopharynx the epilogtis seperates the respritory (Glotis) and Disgestive tract (Oesophagus)
Describe the lower tract
treachea (branches the two primary Bronchi)
Primary bronchi branches into scondary, then tertiary.
Then the Bronchiloes and the Terminal bronchioles which have aleovlar sacs at the end are covered in the capillary beds.
what are the nasal turbinates and their function
inside wall of the nasal cavity has three pairs of long thin bones that can expand. this allows for humidifing air and regulating airflow.
describe the sinuses and their function
air filled sacs that connect to the nasal cavity via narrow oppenings. sinus are named after the bone they are under.
examples are maxillary, frontal, palatine, sphenoid.
descirbe the divisions of the respritory tract
Upper respritory tract - from the naslal to the epigoltis
Lower - trachea to the alveloi
Also spilt into conducting zone and resperatory zone.
describe the passage of air from the atmosphere to the alveoli
Nostrils (nares)
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx ‘ voice box’
Trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
Alveoli
list the two zones of function an their description
Conduction zone and respritory zone
Conduction - conduct air and humidify and purify the air, they have ciliated cells and goblet cells that secrete mucus to aid in immunity.
Respiratory - It has a high surface area and very thin epithelial wall, these aid in diffusion. This zone has no cilia or goblet cells.
describe gas exchange
gas exchange will follow the pressure gradient due to henrys law. there for oxygen will diffues into the blood and carbon dioxide will diffouse out into the alveolar
describe the physiology of ventilation
inspiration: Pressure in alveoli < atmospheric pressure so air moves in
Expiration: Pressure in alveoli > atmospheric pressure so air moves out
describe the transport of carbon di-oxide and oxygen in the blood.
due to henrys law
oxygen diffuese due to the partial pressure (pressure is high in the alveolar than the venous calipillary, thus O2 diffuses ingto venous)
CO2 in blood has higher pressure than the alveoli CO2 (pressure will move out of the capillary into alveolar)
identify the pressure changes that occur during respiration
Respiratory pressure P(atm): Defined by the atmospheric pressure, all other lung pressure is dependent on this.
Intra-alveolar pressure P(alv): Tha air pressure in the alveoli, when at rest it is equivalent to P(atm) - around 0 mm Hg. It is the pressure gradient due to the difference between P(alv) and P(atm) that drives ventilation in and out.
Intrapleural pressure P(ip): Pressure inside the pleural space, and at rest is around -4mm Hg. P(ip) is always less than P(alv) and always negative during regular breathing.
describe the mucles that aid ventilation
intercoastal - mucles inbetween the ribs these are proximal to the sternum
external intercoastal - mucles inbetween the ribs, these are distal to the sternum
diaphram - divides the thoratic and abdominal cavity, it is convex cranially and expands into a dome.
abdominal - muscle superficial to the ribs and diaphragm.
define Pulmonary ventilation
the loading of oxygen and unloading of carbon dioxide in the alveolar. This is the primary function of respiration
define boyels law
pressure of gas relating directly to volume, (less volume increase pressure when factors are constant)
define respritory volume and how it is measured
using spirometry (technology) to measure the amount of air an individual breathes.
define tidal volume
air in and out of the lungs in a single regular breath
define Inspiratory reserve volume
maximum volume of air inspired (beginning at the end of regular inspiration)
define Expiratory reserve volume
Maximum volume of air that can be expired from the end of a normal expiration
how to calculate inspiratory capacity
= Tidal volume + Inspiration reserve volume
IC = VT + IRV
define residual volume
volume of air remaining in the lungs are maximum reparation. there are three types:
- Inspiratory capacity
- Vital capacity
- Total lung capacity
how to calculate vital capacity
= Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + Expiratory reserve volume
VC = VT + IRV + ERV
how to calculate total lung volume
= tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + Expiratory reserve volume + Residual volume
TLC = VT + IRV + ERV + RV
how is respiration managed
Medulla oblongata and pon in the brain stem These two are considered the centre of the respiratory system.
Chemoreceptors detect gas concentration in the blood most notable by the H+ ion.
What does the conentration of H+ ions in the blood indicates in relation to the respritory system
high ions count indicates acidic meaning that there’s a lot of carbon dioxide in the body and the body will increase respiratory rate in reaction.
whare are the chemoreceptors located
aorta, lungs, muscles/ joints, brain
list some pathological conditions of the respritory tract (sicknesses/damage)
Bronchitis, Anoxia, Pneumonia, Emphysema, Hypercapnia and hypocapnia, Hypoxia and hyperoxia
describe Hypoxia and hyperoxia and the diffrence between them
hypo = lower
hyper = higher
abnormal oxygen concentration in the blood
describe Hypercapnia and hypocapnia and the diffrence between them
hyper = higher
hypo = lower
abnormal carbon dioxide content in the blood
describe Emphysema
the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness and possibly hypercapnia
describe Pneumonia
lung inflammation due to bacterial or viral infection. The air sacs fill with pus and may become solid
describe Anoxia
no oxygen, as in tissues
describe Bronchitis
infection/inflammation of bronchi
describe how the bird respritory system is specialised
Not divided into lobes instead they branch into parabronchi
One way tube of gas exchange which allows them to have a constant bulk flow for respiration.
On the wall of the parabronchus there are small capillaries where gas exchange occurs.
They do not have a diaphragm but they do hold 6 - 12 avascular sacs (average 9).
NO alveoli
describe how the snakes have a specialised respritory system
Snakes either have a reduced or removed left lung as the right lung is elongated.
identify the contration of mucles during inhalation
external intercostal, diaphram and abdominal
describe how the lizards have a specialised respritory system
uses intercostal muscles, some species can use their skin to respire when submerged.
describe how the turtle have a specialised respritory system
ribcage is fused to the shell, and specialised mucous in their mouth which can extract oxygen from the air.
describe how the crocodiles have a specialised respritory system
connective tissue (hepatic septum) attached to the liver, this is paired with the diaphragmaticus muscles. The liver is pulled back by muscle anchored to the pubic bone, which in turn pulls the bottom of lungs backwards, expanding them.
describe how the fish have a specialised respritory system
Gills have a constant bulk flow made by the movement in the water. The gills are protected by the operculum.
identify the muscle contrations during expiration
passive process, the body is at rest, if active expiration occurs the internal intercostal muscle contract only.
what is the respritory rate
RR = breaths per minute
