blood

Question 1

list the major functions of blood

Answer 1

transport of nutrients, waste, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones)
immune sytem
Thermoregulation
pH regulation and iron composition of interstitial fluids
forms clots to repair wounds.

Question 2

list the major components of blood and their average abundnece and function

Answer 2

red blood celle (erythrocytes) - 45%, nutrient and gas transport
white blood cell (Leukocytes) - <1%, defence and immune system
Plateles - <1%, forms blood clots
plasma - 54%, fuild that cells are kept in

Question 3

what is the pH of blood

Answer 3

7.4

Question 4

what is a PCV test and why do we use it

Answer 4

Packed cell volume is a measurement of the percentage of the RBC in the blood, this is done by suspecting blood to a centrifuge, the plasma and RBC and others separate. the seperatation allows us to veiw and probolmatic ratios in the specimen.

Question 5

List some problematic RBC percentages that you can detect in a PCV and what they mean

Answer 5

30% RBC - Anaemia
70% RBC - Polycythemia or Dehydration

Question 6

How are red blood cells produced

Answer 6

erythropoiesis, a homeostatic system of which the kidney detects the RBC concentration and stimulate HGF when it is low.

Question 7

describe how erythropoiesis is initiated

Answer 7

in adults = red bone marrow
in foetus = bone marrow, spleen, liver and lymph nodes.
when the kidney detect reduced oxygen carrying capacitp Hepatocyte growth factor is REleased (HGF). this stimulates bone marrow to produce erthrocytes trough production of erthropoietin (EPO). until the kidney detects proper carrying capacity and stop stimulatin HGF.

Question 8

Describe RBC turnover

Answer 8

RBC are destroyed every 3-4 months by macrophages that carry them to the splee and liver. there they are broken down and the iron is recyled into new RBC, the rest is excreted in the bile.

Question 9

Describe the treee phases of blood cloting

Answer 9

Vascular spasm - smooth mucles contracts, causing vascular constriction.
Platele phase - attach to the site and the actin and myosin contract when needed.
Coagulation - make the collagen through a sequence of reaction with Fibrin

Question 10

List the five types of Leukocytes and their functional defence

Answer 10

Neutrophil - infection and foregin life
Eosinophil - parasite and allergy and cancer cells
Basophil - control inflamatory reactions
Monocyte - cell dead cells in inflamed sites.
Lymphocyte - B and T make anitboides

Question 11

decribe what a neutrophil looks like

Answer 11

polmorphonuclear
with granulocytes
stains pale

Question 12

decribe what a eosinophil looks like

Answer 12

polmorphonuclear
with granulocytes
stains vibrantly

Question 13

decribe what a monocyte looks like

Answer 13

mononuclear
no grantlocytes
stain pane with bright nuceli

Question 14

decribe what a basophil looks like

Answer 14

polmorphonuclear
with granulocytes
stains bright

Question 15

decribe what a lymphocyte looks like

Answer 15

mononuclear
No granulocytes

Question 16

how are plateles formed

Answer 16

Adult mammals get the platelets from megakaryocytes located in the bone marrow. This is done by budding off pieces of the cytoplasm.

Question 17

what are they two calssification of Leukocytes

Answer 17

Granulocytes - possess granules in the cytoplasm
Agranulocytes - no granules in the cytoplasm

Question 18

what are the two forms that the nucleus can be in leukocytes

Answer 18

polmorphonuclear - split
mononuclear - single

Question 19

what is Haematopoiesis

Answer 19

the formation and develoment of: Erythrocytes (lack nuclei)
Leucocytes (genuine cells), Platelets (lack nuclei)

Question 20

which of the following have nuclei Erythrocytes, Leucocytes, Platelets

Answer 20

Leucocytes

Question 21

Describe erthrocytes and their features

Answer 21

RBC have no nuclei or mitchondira, they occupy 1/3 of all cell in the body. they have a boncave shape thait aids in gass exchange.
they have two main componenets:
Haemmoglobin - Hb, red pigment
Carbonic anhydrase - enzyme, protein

Question 22

what is myoglobin

Answer 22

haemoglobin used to supply oxygen to muscles

Question 23

In RBC destruction what does the spleen do

Answer 23

filters, removes and stores old erthrocytes

Question 24

In RBC destruction what does the liver do

Answer 24

metabolises the products of the erthrocyes (iron) and breakdown waste into bile.

Question 25

In RBC production how do the kidneys contribute

Answer 25

the kidneys produce eythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates bone marrow to produce RBC