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IB BIOLOGY HL > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

§ ______Energy currency_________ of the cell.

§ Energy is stored in the ____high energy bond___________ between phosphates.

§ Phosphates are _____negatively__________ charged and repel each other making the covalent bonds ___unstable_______.

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2
Q

endergonic

A

Endergonic: _____input_____ of energy

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3
Q

exergonic

A

Exergonic: ____Release______ of energy

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4
Q

ATP–>ADP + P

A

hydrolysis

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5
Q

ADP + P –> ATP

A

phosphorylation

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6
Q

Processes that require ATP (will ask to list/state the functions of ATP)

A

§ Active transport
§ Anabolism (synthesis)
§ Movement of the flagella
§ Movement within the cell, e.g. mitosis and meiosis

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7
Q

Respiration definition

A

The controlled released of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP

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8
Q

Respiration

A

§ Energy can be released by all types of carbon-compounds.

§ Glucose is the ______primary respiratory substrate____.

§ There are two types of respiration: ___aerobic______ and _anaerobic___.

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9
Q

4 steps in Aerobic respiration

A

1) Glycolysis [Common step between aerobic and anaerobic respiration]
2) Link Reaction
3) Krebs cycle
4) Oxidative phosphorylation

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10
Q

Glycolysis

A

§ It is common step between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

  1. Occurs at the ___cytoplasm______
  2. Glucose is _____phosphorylated
    by 2 ATP
  3. The _____hexose
    diphosphate_s splitted into two ___triose phosphate__
  4. The triose phosphate is converted into _pyruvate_____.

§ During this process, 2 reduced NADH is made, and 2 ATP is made (The value in above, must be multiply by two to get equivalent to one glucose molecules.

§ NAD = co-enzyme, will take one electron per NAD in the oxidation reaction to form 2NADH

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11
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

§ Anaerobic respiration only happens in cytoplasm.
§ Does not require oxygen.

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12
Q

Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration (similarities)

A
  • Both undergo glycolysis in the cytoplasm.
  • Both produces ATP and pyruvate
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13
Q

Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration (differences)

A

Aerobic
* Require oxygen
* Further reaction in the
mitochondria (Link reaction, Krebs
cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation)
* Yield around 36 ATP
* Produces Carbon dioxide and
water
* Sustainable release of energy

Anaerobic
* Does not require oxygen
* No reaction in the mitochondria
* Yield less only 2 ATP
* Produce lactic acid in animal
* Produce ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeast
* Short term energy release

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14
Q

Limiting Factors for Rate of Respiration

A

§ Temperature
§ Carbon dioxide concentration
§ Oxygen concentration
§ Glucose concentration
§ Type of cell

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15
Q

Measuring the rate of respiration

A

§ The rate of uptake of oxygen can be measured using a _respirometer__.

§ Organisms can be investigated by placing them into a tube and _sodium hydroxide__ solution is placed in each tube on both sides to absorb the _CO2______.

§ Colored fluid is poured into the capillary tube. It is essential that there are no air bubbles.

§ Two rubber bungs are fitted with tubes and ensuring a totally ____airtight________ connection.

§ As organisms respire, they take oxygen from the air around them and give out CO2. The CO2 will then be absorbed by the sodium hydroxide. This reduces the _______volume and pressure_________________in the tubes causing the fluid to move ____towards________ the organism.

§ Rate of respiration = distance of liquid traveled x πr2 / time

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16
Q

Oxidation

A

Lose electron, lose hydrogen and gain oxygen

17
Q

Reduction

A

Gain electron, gain hydrogen,, lose oxygen

18
Q

The Co enzymes NAD and FAD

A

NAD picks up electrons and formed ______reduced NAD___(NADH)__

§ FAD picks up electrons and formed _____reduced-FAD____(FADH)__

§ When the reduced coenzyme unload the electrons (oxidized) in the
__electron transport chain_____, the energy released from each NADH molecules is ____3 ATP_____and from FADH is __2 ATP______.

19
Q

structure of mitochondria

A

Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Cristae
Matrix

20
Q

Inner membrane

A

Location of _electron transport chain__, site for oxidative phosphorylation__

21
Q

Outer membrane

A

Control substances in and out of mitochondria

22
Q

Cristae

A

Location of electron transport chain___, site for _oxidative phosphorylation__

23
Q

Matrix

A

Site for ___krebs cycle________

24
Q

Link Reaction

A

§ Pyruvate (3C) react with Co-A to form Acetyl Co-A (2C) through decarboxylation

§ A carbon dioxide and NADH are also formed.

25
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

§ Occurs at the _____matrix______ of the mitochondrion

§ ____Acetyl Co-A (2C)_combine with ___oxaloacetate (4C)_to form citrates (6C).

§ Through a series of decarboxylation_ reactions yields: 3 reduced NAD, 1 reduced FAD and 1 ATP per cycle (not per glucose. If per glucose need to times 2 as glycolysis produces 2 pyruvate)_____ (The value above must be multiply by ___2___ in one glucose)

§ Every step in the cycle is an oxidation

§ Can talk about the overall decarboxylation first and how it produces CO2, and
then talk about all the things it produces (3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 ATP)

26
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

§ Occurs at the __electron transport chain_located in the ___cristae______ of the mitochondrion

§ The __co-enzyme_unloads the electron at the electron carriers via a reaction called dehydrogenation__.

§ The electron is passed through a series of electron carriers.

§ Meanwhile, the electron carrier will _actively pump__the H+ ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space using the energy from the electron.

§ This generates a _proton gradient_between the matrix and
intermembrane space.

§ When hydrogen ions diffuse back to the matrix via ATP synthase_. This is called chemiosmosis (the formation of proton gradient, ATP synthase to phosphate ADP to ATP)__.

§ The energy generated by chemiosmosis, enables ATP synthase to make ATP

§ At the end, O2 act as a ______final electron acceptor_together with
H+ they form water

27
Q

Lipid as a respiratory substrate

A

§ Carbohydrates are the most commonly used respiratory substrates because they are easier to digest and transport_

§ Lipids are used as a long-term source_of energy as they are easier to store within the body as it is non-polar so less osmotic effect_towards the cells

§ Fatty acid chains are broken down into 2C compounds to form ___acetyl CoA_then enter _Krebs cycle_directly

§ Lipids also produce more __energy per gram__as the carbon chains possess less oxygen and have more oxidizable hydrogen and carbon__

IB BIOLOGY HL (20 decks)

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