Respiration Flashcards
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
§ ______Energy currency_________ of the cell.
§ Energy is stored in the ____high energy bond___________ between phosphates.
§ Phosphates are _____negatively__________ charged and repel each other making the covalent bonds ___unstable_______.
endergonic
Endergonic: _____input_____ of energy
exergonic
Exergonic: ____Release______ of energy
ATP–>ADP + P
hydrolysis
ADP + P –> ATP
phosphorylation
Processes that require ATP (will ask to list/state the functions of ATP)
§ Active transport
§ Anabolism (synthesis)
§ Movement of the flagella
§ Movement within the cell, e.g. mitosis and meiosis
Respiration definition
The controlled released of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP
Respiration
§ Energy can be released by all types of carbon-compounds.
§ Glucose is the ______primary respiratory substrate____.
§ There are two types of respiration: ___aerobic______ and _anaerobic___.
4 steps in Aerobic respiration
1) Glycolysis [Common step between aerobic and anaerobic respiration]
2) Link Reaction
3) Krebs cycle
4) Oxidative phosphorylation
Glycolysis
§ It is common step between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
- Occurs at the ___cytoplasm______
- Glucose is _____phosphorylated
by 2 ATP - The _____hexose
diphosphate_s splitted into two ___triose phosphate__ - The triose phosphate is converted into _pyruvate_____.
§ During this process, 2 reduced NADH is made, and 2 ATP is made (The value in above, must be multiply by two to get equivalent to one glucose molecules.
§ NAD = co-enzyme, will take one electron per NAD in the oxidation reaction to form 2NADH
Anaerobic Respiration
§ Anaerobic respiration only happens in cytoplasm.
§ Does not require oxygen.
Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration (similarities)
- Both undergo glycolysis in the cytoplasm.
- Both produces ATP and pyruvate
Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration (differences)
Aerobic
* Require oxygen
* Further reaction in the
mitochondria (Link reaction, Krebs
cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation)
* Yield around 36 ATP
* Produces Carbon dioxide and
water
* Sustainable release of energy
Anaerobic
* Does not require oxygen
* No reaction in the mitochondria
* Yield less only 2 ATP
* Produce lactic acid in animal
* Produce ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeast
* Short term energy release
Limiting Factors for Rate of Respiration
§ Temperature
§ Carbon dioxide concentration
§ Oxygen concentration
§ Glucose concentration
§ Type of cell
Measuring the rate of respiration
§ The rate of uptake of oxygen can be measured using a _respirometer__.
§ Organisms can be investigated by placing them into a tube and _sodium hydroxide__ solution is placed in each tube on both sides to absorb the _CO2______.
§ Colored fluid is poured into the capillary tube. It is essential that there are no air bubbles.
§ Two rubber bungs are fitted with tubes and ensuring a totally ____airtight________ connection.
§ As organisms respire, they take oxygen from the air around them and give out CO2. The CO2 will then be absorbed by the sodium hydroxide. This reduces the _______volume and pressure_________________in the tubes causing the fluid to move ____towards________ the organism.
§ Rate of respiration = distance of liquid traveled x πr2 / time
Oxidation
Lose electron, lose hydrogen and gain oxygen
Reduction
Gain electron, gain hydrogen,, lose oxygen
The Co enzymes NAD and FAD
NAD picks up electrons and formed ______reduced NAD___(NADH)__
§ FAD picks up electrons and formed _____reduced-FAD____(FADH)__
§ When the reduced coenzyme unload the electrons (oxidized) in the
__electron transport chain_____, the energy released from each NADH molecules is ____3 ATP_____and from FADH is __2 ATP______.
structure of mitochondria
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Cristae
Matrix
Inner membrane
Location of _electron transport chain__, site for oxidative phosphorylation__
Outer membrane
Control substances in and out of mitochondria
Cristae
Location of electron transport chain___, site for _oxidative phosphorylation__
Matrix
Site for ___krebs cycle________
Link Reaction
§ Pyruvate (3C) react with Co-A to form Acetyl Co-A (2C) through decarboxylation
§ A carbon dioxide and NADH are also formed.
Krebs Cycle
§ Occurs at the _____matrix______ of the mitochondrion
§ ____Acetyl Co-A (2C)_combine with ___oxaloacetate (4C)_to form citrates (6C).
§ Through a series of decarboxylation_ reactions yields: 3 reduced NAD, 1 reduced FAD and 1 ATP per cycle (not per glucose. If per glucose need to times 2 as glycolysis produces 2 pyruvate)_____ (The value above must be multiply by ___2___ in one glucose)
§ Every step in the cycle is an oxidation
§ Can talk about the overall decarboxylation first and how it produces CO2, and
then talk about all the things it produces (3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 ATP)
Oxidative phosphorylation
§ Occurs at the __electron transport chain_located in the ___cristae______ of the mitochondrion
§ The __co-enzyme_unloads the electron at the electron carriers via a reaction called dehydrogenation__.
§ The electron is passed through a series of electron carriers.
§ Meanwhile, the electron carrier will _actively pump__the H+ ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space using the energy from the electron.
§ This generates a _proton gradient_between the matrix and
intermembrane space.
§ When hydrogen ions diffuse back to the matrix via ATP synthase_. This is called chemiosmosis (the formation of proton gradient, ATP synthase to phosphate ADP to ATP)__.
§ The energy generated by chemiosmosis, enables ATP synthase to make ATP
§ At the end, O2 act as a ______final electron acceptor_together with
H+ they form water
Lipid as a respiratory substrate
§ Carbohydrates are the most commonly used respiratory substrates because they are easier to digest and transport_
§ Lipids are used as a long-term source_of energy as they are easier to store within the body as it is non-polar so less osmotic effect_towards the cells
§ Fatty acid chains are broken down into 2C compounds to form ___acetyl CoA_then enter _Krebs cycle_directly
§ Lipids also produce more __energy per gram__as the carbon chains possess less oxygen and have more oxidizable hydrogen and carbon__
