Photosynthesis Flashcards
Photosynthesis Pathway
§ Photosynthesis as energy transfer process, it transfer ___light_____ energy into ___chemical_____ energy.
§ The light energy is needed for making ATP.
§ ______Water molecule__________is split by light to form ___oxygen_____
(which diffused out) and __hydrogen______ ( which used to make carbohydrates.)
§ The ATP produced is used to fix _______carbon dioxide_________and hydrogen to make __carbohydrates__
2 reactions
light dependent and light independent pathways
The absorption and action spectra
§ The sunlight compose of a range of light with different _____wavelengths_______ (Colors), plants absorb light at varies wavelength and thus show varies photosynthesis rate.
§ The absorption and action spectrum shows ____similar pattern_________, where the _______violet and blue_________ wavelength is used most efficiently and __red__ quite efficiently.
§ However, there is little light absorption in __green_____, as the chlorophyll is ___reflecting________ most of the green light.
§ There is more than one photosynthetic pigment in leaves. These include chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid because by having more than one type of pigment, plant can absorb _________as much different wavelength_________________as possible
________chromatography________ can be used to separate the pigments.
Analyzing photosynthesis reaction
§ Photosynthesis rate can be measured ______directly or indirectly_____________.
§ To measure the photosynthesis rate directly, one can measure the amount of ______oxygen______ produced or carbon dioxide used _______per unit of time__
§ To measure the photosynthesis rate indirectly, one can measure the _____increase of biomass_ per unit of time
Factors that affect the photosynthesis rate
§ The limiting factor for photosynthesis are: _______light intensity, carbon dioxide level and temperature
§ As there is more than one limiting factors, this suggest that photosynthesis contain more than one reaction pathway.
chloroplast structures
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Stroma
Thylakoid membrane
Grana (Stacks of thylakoid)
Lamellae
outer membrane
Control what enters or exit the chloroplast
inner membrane
Control what enters or exit the chloroplast
stroma
Site for light independent reaction
thylakoid membrane
Site for light dependent reaction
Grana (stocks of thylakoid)
Site for light dependent reaction
lamellae
Site for light dependent reaction
chloroplasts
§ Usually round in appearance with a ______double membrane___ exterior
§ ___Flattened dics_________ (thylakoids) arranged into _stacks__ (grana), connected by lamellae
§ Internal lumen of thylakoids is very ____small________ (allows for a more rapid generation of a proton gradient)
§ ____Ribosomes________ and ______chloroplast DNA______are usually not visible at standard resolutions and magnifications
§ ___Starch granules_________may be visible and will appear as dark spots within the chloroplast
Light dependent reaction (LDR)
§ Occurs at the intermembrane space of the _____thylakoid________ in the chloroplast.
§ Uses __________photosynthetic pigments_______________ (organized into photosystems) to convert _____light energy____________________into _______chemical energy__________________ (ATP and NADPH).
§ In the chlorophyll there are two enzyme complexes called ____photosystem I ______ (PSI) and _____photosystem II________ (PSII).
§ There are two reaction pathways in LDR: ____cyclic photophosphorylation ______________________and ________non-cyclic photophosphorylation __________________.
the limiting factors for LDR are temperature and light intensity
LDR : Cyclic photophosphorylation
§ Electron is ____excited_______ by light in PSI to a ____higher energy level__________________.
§ The electron enters ________electron transport chain______________to make ___ATP_____ though _chemiosmosis__
§ The excited electron then _____returns______ to PSI.