A3.2 Classification and Cladistics Flashcards

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1
Q

Difficulties classifying organisms into the traditional hierarchy of taxa

A

Traditional hierarchy of kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species does not always correspond to patterns of divergence generated by evolution

NOS: fixed ranking of taxa (kingdom, phylum and so on) is arbitrary because it does not reflect the gradation of variation. Cladistics offers an alternative approach to classification under unranked clades

Example of the paradigm shift that sometimes occurs in scientific theories

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2
Q

why is it difficult to reclassify organisms

A

Sometimes very difficulty to reclassify organisms after they have been put under a certain genus because one would wonder if the rest of the group should be moved as well

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3
Q

other difficulties with using taxa

A

Another common challenge with classifying hybrids plants of two species that can produce fertile offspring

Difficult to fit all organisms into such a simple system

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4
Q

dendrogram

A

Classification by grouping together of organisms that look most alike, to produce a dendrogram

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5
Q

cladogram

A

Classification by the grouping together of organisms with a more recent common ancestor, to produce a cladogram

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6
Q

Clade

A

A clade is a group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor

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7
Q

what do members of clade possess

A

Members of a clade possess common characteristics because they share the same evolutionary lineage

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8
Q

what is the most objective evidence for placing organisms in the same clade

A

The most objective evidence for placing organisms in the same clade comes from base sequences of genes or amino acids sequences of proteins. Morphological traits can be used to assign organisms to clades.

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9
Q

The evolutionary clock

A

The DNA sequences differences between different organisms accumulate gradually as they diverged from a common ancestor

There is a positive correlation between the number of different DNA sequences between two species and time due to random genetic mutations

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10
Q

the use of the evolutionary clock

A

Some genes or protein sequences may accumulate mutations at a relatively constant rate (e.g. 1 change per million years)

If this rate of change is reliable, scientist can calculate the time of divergence according to the number of difference

E.g. if a gene which mutations at rate of 1bp per 100,000

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11
Q

limitations of evolutionary clock

A

Different genes or proteins may change at different rates

The rate of change for particular genes may differ between different groups of organisms

Over long periods, earlier changes may be reversed by later changes, potentially confounding the accuracy of predictions

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12
Q

Cladogram

A

A (tree) diagram showing the similarities and differences between different species

The branching points on cladograms are called nodes

Nodes denote a speciation even when a common ancestor splits into two or more species

Cladograms are mostly based on DNA base sequence or the amino acid sequences in proteins (in the organisms)

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13
Q

what are cladograms used for

A

Deducing evolutionary relationships, common ancestors

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14
Q

use of cladistics

A

investigate whether the classification of groups corresponds to evolutionary relationships

A case study of transfer of plant species between families could be used to develop understanding, for example the reclassification of the figwort family (Scrophulariaceae).

NOS: Similarities in morphology due to convergent evolution rather than common ancestry suggested a classification that by cladistics may be wrong

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15
Q

Reclassification of figworts
(Family Scrophulariaceae)

A

DNA evidence suggested that plant species in this family do not have common ancestors

The general flower shape and form of the seed capsules evolved many times from different ancestors (convergent evolution)

Different plant species adapted to similar pollinators and adopted similar seed dispersal strategies

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