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Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Outline the processes involved in ATP generation through chemiosmosis.

A
  • electron transport chain
  • channels associated with ATP synthase
    1. NADH + FADH2 reoxidised - H atoms split into H+ and e-
    2. e- move into e- carrier protein
    3. e- move into e- transport chain in cristae, releasing energy to pump H+ into intermembrane space
    4. creates H+ concentration gradient + proton motive force
    5. H+ flows down gradient through hydrophilic trasnsmembrane channel
    6. conformational change in ATP synthase
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2
Q

Why do organisms respire?

A
  • release energy - reactions in cells
  • make ATP
  • exocytosis, endocytosis
  • movement along cytoskeleton
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3
Q

What are components of mitochondria?

A

Matrix, granule, loop of DNA, cristae, ribosomes, outer membrane, inner membrane, inter membrane space.

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4
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm, because the mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to glucose.

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5
Q

What happens during glycolysis?

A

Glucose -> glucose phosphate -> hexose bisphosphate -> 2 triose phosphate -> 2 pyruvate.

Phosphorylation, splitting, oxidation.

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6
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP.

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7
Q

What is the process of anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

Lactate fermentation: in cytoplasm.
2 pyruvate -> 2 lactate. NADH is oxidised to NAD.

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8
Q

Why is lactate buildup dangerous?

A

It is lactic acid, so decreases pH, inhibiting enzymes. At the liver, is converted to pyruvate or recycled to glucose.

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9
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration efficient?

A

For the short term - glycolysis is repeated very fast.

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10
Q

What is the process of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A

Ethanol fermentation in cytoplasm.
Pyruvate -> ethanal -> ethanol.

Pyruvate decarboxylase, then ethanol dehydrogenase.

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11
Q

Where does the link reaction take place?

A

Pyruvate is transported into the matrix by a symport protein - 1 pyruvate, 1 H+.

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12
Q

What is a symport protein?

A

A type of cotransporter protein - same direction at same time, 2 different molecules.

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13
Q

What happens in the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate -> acetate -> 2 acetyl CoA

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14
Q

What are the products of the link reaction?

A

2 NADH, 2 acetyl CoA, 2 CO2.

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15
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

Phosphate group transfers from 1 molecule to another.

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16
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

Flow of protons down a concentration gradient, across membrane through channel associated with ATP synthase.

17
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Addition of phosphate group - increases reactivity.

18
Q

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

A

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, 2 CoA, 2 oxaloacetate.

19
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Formation of ATP from ADP + Pi using energy released in e- transport chain in presence of O2.

20
Q

What are features of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

e- carrier proteins in inner mitochondrial membrane.
Folded membrane increases SA for carrier proteins.
Phospholipids = barrier for H+ creating a concentration gradient.

21
Q

What are the steps for oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  1. NADH + FADH2 re-oxidised as release H - split into H+ and e-
  2. e- move along e- transport chain in series of redox reactions
  3. energy released from e- used to pump H+ from matrix to inter membrane space - creating chemiosmotic potential (energy source)
  4. H+ down concentration gradient through hydrophilic transmembrane channels with ATP synthase
  5. drives ADP + Pi to ATP
  6. O2 is the final e- acceptor. Accepts 4 e- and 4 protons to make 2 H2O.
22
Q

What is the net ATP gain for each stage of respiration?

A

Glycolysis - 2
Link reaction - 0
Krebs cycle - 2
Oxidative phosphorylation - 28
TOTAL: 32

23
Q

Why is the theoretical yield rare?

A

H+ leak through the inner mitochondrial membrane, not ATP synthase.
ATP used to move pyruvate from the cytoplasm to the matrix.
H from NADH made in glycolysis needs to be moved to the matrix.

24
Q

What is a respiratory substrate?

A

Any organic substance that can be oxidised by respiration, releasing energy and making ATP.

25
Q

What are features of carbs?

A

Glucose is the most important,
Some cells can only respire glucose. Excess is stored as glycogen/starch. Disaccharides are broken down by hydrolysis - break glycosidic bonds. Sometimes need isomerase enzymes.

26
Q

What are the RQ values you need to know?

A

Carbs: 1
Lipids: 0.7
Proteins: 0.9

27
Q

What are features of lipids?

A

Glycerol can be converted to triose phosphate.
Fatty acids can be joined to CoA and broken down by acetyl CoA in beta oxidation.

28
Q

What are features in proteins?

A

Excess amino acids are broken down by hydrolysis.

29
Q

How is RQ calculated?

A

CO2 produced / O2 consumed.

If RQ > 1, some anaerobic respiration. The lower the RQ, the more ATP produced per molecule.

30
Q

What are ways of investigating respiration?

A

Gas syringe, respirometer, haemocytometer.

31
Q

How is a gas syringe used to measure respiration?

A

vol of CO2 / time.
Investigate temp with water bath (also control variable)
Algae, bacteria, YEAST
Oil layer above glucose/yeast for anaerobic respiration.

32
Q

How is a respirometer used to measure respiration?

A

Rate of O2 consumption in aerobic respiration.
Changes in reading measured + syringe barrel depressed to measure vol of O2 absorbed.
Find vol of O2 absorbed /m/g with vol of cylinder equation.

33
Q

How is a haemocytometer used to measure respiration?

A

Counting cells - rough estimate for respiration rate.
Specialised microscope slide with 2 grooves, count no of cells see in each area, use vol of sample to find no of cells /mm2.

Many samples to be representative. Over longer time.

34
Q

What are potential issues with measuring respiration rate?

A

Data logger - CO2/O2 probes, pH probes. More readings for continual data, no human error.
Ethics - no killing. Temp range suitable for organism (or use fungi).
Photosynthetic? Tube in black paper.

Biology (32 decks)

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