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Biology > Kidneys > Flashcards

Kidneys Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the process that moves water from the collecting ducts into the medulla?

A

osmosis

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2
Q

what happens when less water is taken into the blood?

A

more is lost in the urine

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3
Q

what is the function of osmoreceptors?

A

they inhibit the release of ADH

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4
Q

what detects high/low water potential?

A

osmoreceptors

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5
Q

how is water potential raised back to normal level?

A

water is absorbed into the blood

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6
Q

what is the function of ADH?

A

it acts on collecting ducts to allow more water into the medulla

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7
Q

where is ADH released from?

A

posterior pituitary gland

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8
Q

where are osmoreceptors located?

A

in the hypothalamus

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9
Q

what is negative feedback for?

A

osmoregulation

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10
Q

what is a negative effect of ADH?

A

it allows urea to pass through aquaporins, reducing the water potential of the medulla

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11
Q

what is the function of aquaporins?

A

they increase the permeability of the collecting duct to water, so more can be reabsorbed

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12
Q

what is the function of phosphorylase?

A

vesicles containing aquaporins to move to the apical side of the cell

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13
Q

where does ADH bind to?

A

receptors on the collecting ducts and DCT

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14
Q

where does ADH in the blood travel to?

A

the kidneys - cells lining the collecting ducts of the nephron and DCT

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15
Q

what is the function of the kidney?

A

it regulates the amount of of urine produced to control the water potential of the blood

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16
Q

how is water lost from the body?

A

urine, sweating, breathing and excretion

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17
Q

what can happen to cells if water potential is too low?

A

they can shrink and change shape

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18
Q

how do the kidneys maintain water balance in the body?

A

by regulating the reabsorption and excretion of water via filtration and urine formation

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19
Q

what is the function of the nephrons?

A

filtering waste products and excess water from the blood and reabsorbing necessary substances

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20
Q

where does 85% of reabsorption occur?

A

PCT

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21
Q

what is reabsorbed?

A

glucose, amino acids, water and some ions

22
Q

where is the filtrate produced?

A

from the glomerulus of capillaries and certain substances are from the blood into the filtrate

23
Q

what is needed for reabsorption?

A

mitochondria to make ATP

24
Q

how is the shape of the PCT designed to maximise reabsorption?

A

the coiled shape and microvilli increase surface area for protein pumps etc.

25
Q

what does the PCT reabsorb?

A

water, urea, sodium, amino acids and glucose

26
Q

what happens during secondary active transport?

A

the movement of glucose or amino acids rely on the active transport of sodium

27
Q

why are sodium-potassium pumps needed?

A

they use ATP to pump sodium ions into the blood, creating a low cellular sodium concentration

28
Q

how are larger proteins reabsorbed?

A

by endocytosis

29
Q

why do blood cells and proteins stay in the capillaries?

A

they are too big and decrease the water potential

30
Q

what is the 2nd layer in the Bowman’s capsule?

A

podocytes

31
Q

what is ultrafiltration?

A

small molecules are filtered out the blood into the lumen of the capillaries in the Bowman’s capsule

32
Q

what is hCG?

A

human chorionic gonadotrophin

33
Q

what are in home pregnancy tests?

A

monoclonal antibodies with dye

34
Q

what is on the control line?

A

immobilised complementary antibodies

35
Q

what are urine tests used for?

A

information about a person’s hydration, kidney function, infections or disease and drug use

36
Q

what are anabolic steroids?

A

a synthetic hormone that increases protein synthesis and muscle growth

37
Q

what is gas chromatography used for?

A

it analyses if steroids are present or not

38
Q

how does renal dialysis work?

A

filtering water products and excess fluid from the blood using a dialyser acting as an artificial kidney

39
Q

what is heparin for?

A

to stop blood clotting in the machine

40
Q

what is in dialysis fluid?

A

the right concentrations of minerals, urea, water etc.

41
Q

what is peritoneal dialysis?

A

a tube is inserted in the peritoneum membrane (which is partially permeable) and fluid is inserted

42
Q

what are risk factors for kidney failure?

A

diabetes, high blood pressure, family history, some medical conditions

43
Q

what are the benefits of renal dialysis?

A

filters waste products and excess fluid from the body

44
Q

what are the negatives of renal dialysis?

A

frequent treatments, complications such as infections

45
Q

what is the PCT?

A

a series of loops which increase surface area

46
Q

what is the function of the collecting duct?

A

reabsorbing water and concentrating urine

47
Q

what is the function of the Bowman’s capsule?

A

filter blood and remove waste products in the kidneys

48
Q

what is the function of the collecting duct?

A

osmoregulation

49
Q

how is pH regulated?

A

in the DCT with H+

50
Q

what does the descending limb do?

A

reabsorbs water from the filtrate

51
Q

what does the ascending limb do?

A

reabsorbing sodium and chloride ions from the filtrate

Biology (32 decks)

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