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Biology > Cell structure > Flashcards

Cell structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are organelles?

A

Components of cells which have a specific function

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2
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Stores DNA and transmit genetic info
Provides mRNA for protein synthesis
Control centre of cell

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3
Q

What is the structure of the nuclear envelope?

A

It has a double membrane with pores for ribosomes and mRNA

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4
Q

What is chromatin?

A

The genetic material and condenses into tightly coiled chromosomes

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5
Q

What is the name of cytoplasm in the nucleus?

A

Nucleoplasm

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6
Q

Do ribosomes have a membrane?

A

No

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7
Q

What are the main functions of the 2 types of ribosomes?

A

Free - synthesis proteins for use inside the cell
RER bound - synthesise proteins to be exported for outside use

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8
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Aerobic stages of respiration to produce ATP

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9
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria?

A

Rod shaped, double membrane bound.

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10
Q

What is the difference between the 2 membranes in mitochondria?

A

Inner membrane has aerobic respiration proteins folded into cristae (increase SA)

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11
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Contains enzymes for aerobic respiration as well as lipids, ribosomes, DNA

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12
Q

What is the cell surface membrane also known as?

A

The phospholipid bilayer

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13
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Complex protein network of proteins in the cytoplasm

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14
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Mechanical strength, maintains shape and movement of organelles

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15
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made up of?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

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16
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Polypeptides forming a mesh . Maintain shape and mechanical strength. Cell movement in smaller cells eg. lymphocytes

17
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

Interlocking protein fibres anchoring the nucleus which can extend outside the cell so cells can stick together and communicate.

18
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Repeating units of tubulin. They are for the movement of substances and organelles in the cytoplasm. Use energy from ATP hydrolysis

19
Q

What is the structure of centrioles?

A

Bundles of microtubules perpendicular to each other.

20
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

Form spindles in cell division, controlling movement of chromosomes.

21
Q

What are the functions of lysosomes?

A

Contain digestive enzymes to digest material outside cells, hydrolysis of material ingested by phagocytes, breakdown of dead cells,

22
Q

What is the ER?

A

Network of membranes enclosing fluid filled cavities (cisternae). Spread throughout cytoplasm

23
Q

What is the RER?

A

Intracellular transport system with many ribosomes. Large SA for protein synthesis. Vesicles travel to the Golgi apparatus

24
Q

What is the SER?

A

No ribosomes and is more tubular. Synthesises, stores and transports lipids and carbs. Contains many enzymes

25
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Fluid filled, membrane bound, flattened sacs. Receives vesicles from the ER containing proteins, lipids etc, before modifying and repackaging them

26
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • In the cisternae, proteins are modified by the addition of lipids, sugars or polypeptides
  • Sort, package and transport around the cell by forming vesicles
27
Q

What do plant cells contain that animal cells do not?

A

Chloroplasts, cell wall, vacuole

28
Q

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

A

A double plasma membrane surrounds it. The grana are flattened disks (made up thylakoids) Contains chlorophyll

29
Q

What is the vacuole made up of?

A

Fluid filled sac with dissolved solutes, surrounded by single membrane

30
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Maintain structure by making it turgid
Contain sugars and amino acids as temporary energy store
May contain pigments to attract pollinators

31
Q

What is the cell wall made up of?

A

Cellulose, forming bundles of cellulose fibres

32
Q

What are the functions of the cell wall?

A

Mechanical strength
Supports the plant
Allow for water passage between cells
Maintain cell shape

33
Q

What is a fungal cell wall made up of?

A

Chitin

Biology (32 decks)

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