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Biology > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What are target cells?

A

Body cells with specific receptors for specific hormones.

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2
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Ductless, made up of cell groups and secrete hormones into capillaries.
Into blood.

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3
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Secrete juices into a duct.

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4
Q

What are the components of the adrenal glands?

A

Medulla (inner) secretes adrenaline and steroid hormones.
Cortex (outer) makes protein hormones - increase hr, glycogen to glucose, more blood to the brain and muscles.

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5
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

Formed from lipids - can enter through cell membrane as soluble. Bind to receptors in cytoplasm. Complex enters nucleus and bind to receptors on chromatin.
eg. sex hormones

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6
Q

What are peptide hormones?

A

Made of amino acids. Not enter cells - bind to receptors on cell surface. Release molecules inside cells = second messengers.
Turn gene transcription on/off –> effect.
eg. adrenaline

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7
Q

What is a second messenger?

A

Signalling molecule in cell - stimulates change in cell activity.

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8
Q

How do peptide hormones carry out effects and change cell activity?

A

They are first messengers, so bind to and activate G-proteins in membrane. Effector molecule activated and can start cascade of enzyme-controlled reactions.

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9
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Forms and secreted digestive juices into duodenum of small intestine. Endo and exocrine gland.

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10
Q

What is ATP converted to by adenyl cyclase?

A

cAMP.

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11
Q

What are the small groups of exocrine cells in the pancreas?

A

Acini synthesise digestive enzymes to juices to tubule. Grouped into lobules around tubule.
Tubules join to form interlobular ducts –> pancreatic duct.

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12
Q

What are islets of Langerhans?

A

Groups of cells with alpha and beta cells. Synthesise and secrete into blood vessels.

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13
Q

What are exocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

Of acini secrete pancreatic juices through duct series to SI. Fluid contains:
- digestive enzymes - pancreatic amylase, trypsinogen, lipase.
- sodium hydrogen carbonate

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14
Q

What are endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

Alpha cells secrete glucagon, Beta cells secrete insulin. Single group of cells = islet of Langerhans.

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15
Q

What happens when blood glucose conc increases?

A

Insulin decreases. Beta cells detect.
No blood glucose, B cells have neg. resting potential.
Glucose diffuses into B cells.
In cell, glucokinase attaches phosphate group.
Respiration - glucose to ATP - k+ channels close.
Membrane potential is less negative so Ca2+ channels open.
Ca2+ enters the cell and binds to vesicles with insulin.
Insulin released by exocytosis.

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16
Q

What is high and low blood glucose called?

A

Low = hypoglycaemia. (tired, decreased brain function, coma.)
High = hyperglycaemia (long term - organ damage.)

17
Q

What happens when insulin binds to membrane?

A

Intracellular changes to decrease blood glucose.

18
Q

What happens when there is a low glucose conc?

A

Vesicles of glucose transporter in cytoplasm.
When insulin binds, vesicles fuse with membrane + insert glucose transporters (more glucose into cells).
Insulin causes them to change shape - more glucose in by facilitated diffusion.
Insulin - more glucose used in respiration instead of fats/aa.

19
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A

In blood, to hepatocytes with specific receptors. Bind and stimulate G-protein in membrane to activate adenyl cyclase in cell. Converts ATP to cAMP.

20
Q

What is the role of the liver?

A

Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis.
Take in blood glucose and bind to form glycogen - stored in liver.
Liver has lots of glycogen stores for low blood conc.
Liver run out of glycogen, can use glycerol and aa bc of glucagon.

21
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Concentration of glucose in blood is not controlled effectively.
Peaks higher and for longer as removed slowly.

22
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes?

A

Insulin dependent - not make insulin.
Autoimmune against B cells - not respond to increasing blood glucose.
Hyper and hypoglycaemia.

23
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes?

A

Insulin independent. Not make enough insulin - cells not respond bc receptors less sensitive.
Hyperglycaemia - damage of organs + circulation.

24
Q

What are risk factors for T2?

A

Obesity, high sugar diet, not exercising.

25
Q

What are ways to treat T1?

A

Insulin injections - monitor. Insulin pump therapy, islet cell transplant.

26
Q

What are ways to treat T2?

A

Lifestyle changes, severe cases - insulin injections.

27
Q

What are sources of insulin?

A

Used to be from pigs, now from GM bacteria. Genetically identical so low rejection, ethical.
Stem cells = permanent and can cure but very experimental.

Biology (32 decks)

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