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respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is respiration?

A

the release of chemical energy in food by a series of enzyme controlled reactions

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2
Q

what is ATP broken down to?

A

ADP + Pi

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3
Q

what is required to form ATP from ADP + Pi?

A

energy

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4
Q

give 4 examples of uses of energy in cells

A
  • muscle cell contraction
  • cell division
  • protein synthesis
  • transition of nerve impulses
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5
Q

what is stage one of aerobic respiration called?

A

glycolysis

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6
Q

what happens during gylcolysis?

A

glucose is broken down to produce pyruvate and 2 ATP

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7
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

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8
Q

is oxygen required for stage 1 (glycolysis)?

A

no

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9
Q

where does stage 2 of aerobic respiration occur?

A

mitochondria

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10
Q

describe stage 2 of aerobic respiration

A

pyruvate is broken down to produce carbon dioxide and water

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11
Q

is oxygen required for stage 2 of aerobic respiration?

A

yes

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12
Q

how much ATP is produced in stage 2 of aerobic respiration?

A

lots (36)

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13
Q

another way of saying respiration is?

A

the breakdown of glucose

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14
Q

how much ATP is produced in stage 1 of aerobic respiration?

A

2 ATP

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15
Q

what is the word equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + ATP

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16
Q

glycolysis reaction (stage 1)

A

glucose -> pyruvate

17
Q

aerobic respiration reaction (stage 2)

A

pyruvate -> water + carbon dioxide

18
Q

fermentation

A

is a 2 step process controlled by enzymes to produce 2 ATP in the absence of oxygen

19
Q

where does fermentation occur?

A

cytoplasm

20
Q

is oxygen required for stage 2 of fermentation in animal cells?

A

pyruvate –> lactate doesn’t require oxygen but lactate –> pyruvate requires oxygen

21
Q

is oxygen required for stage 2 of fermentation in yeast and plant cells?

A

no

22
Q

how much ATP is produced in stage 2 of fermentation in animal cells?

A

little - 2 ATP

23
Q

how much ATP is produced in stage 2 of fermentation in yeast and plant cells?

A

little - 2 ATP

24
Q

is stage 2 of fermentation in animal cells reversible?

A

yes

25
Q

is stage 2 of fermentation in yeast and plant cells reversible?

A

no

26
Q

what is the word equation that summarises fermentation in animal cells?

A

glucose –> pyruvate –> lactate

27
Q

what is the word equation for fermentation in fungal (yeast) and plant cells?

A

glucose –> pyruvate –> ethanol + carbon dioxide

28
Q

what is the substance that stores the chemical energy released from glucose in respiration?

A

ATP

29
Q

the shorter the time for the chemicals to change colour…

A

the higher the rate of fermentation

30
Q

hydrogen carbonate indicator

A

changes from pink to yellow when CO2 is present

31
Q

lime water

A

changes from clear to cloudy when CO2 is present

32
Q

what is the purpose of the oil layer when measuring fermentation rate?

A

to ensure fermentation occurs and not aerobic respiration
the oil layer acts as a barrier preventing oxygen from the air entering solution

33
Q

features of aerobic respiration

A
  • requires oxygen
  • takes place in the mitochondria
  • produces many ATP
34
Q

features of anaerobic respiration (fermentation)

A
  • does not require oxygen
  • takes place in the cytoplasm
  • produces 2 ATP
35
Q

glycolysis

A
  • fermentation and aerobic respiration
  • takes place in the cytoplasm
  • glucose -> pyruvate
  • produces pyruvate + 2 ATP
36
Q

stage 2 : aerobic respiration

A
  • takes place in mitochondria
  • pyruvate -> carbon dioxide + water
  • 36 ATP
37
Q

fermentation in animals

A

stage one: glucose -> pyruvate
2 ATP
stage two: pyruvate -> lactate
all takes place in the cytoplasm

38
Q

fermentation in plants and yeast

A

stage one: glucose -> pyruvate
stage two: pyruvate -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

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