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biology > control and communication > Flashcards

control and communication Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the three parts to the nervous system?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves
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2
Q

what are the two parts to the CNS?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
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3
Q

what are the three parts to the brain?

A
  • cerebrum
  • cerebellum
  • medulla
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4
Q

what is the function of the cerebrum?

A

controls memory, concious thought and personality

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5
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

controls balance and muscle coordination

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6
Q

what is the function of the medulla?

A

controls heart rate and breathing rate

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7
Q

what are the three types of nerves/neurones?

A
  • sensory nerve
  • inter nerve
  • motor nerve
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8
Q

sensory neurone

A

passes information from receptors in sense organs to the inter neurone in the CNS

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9
Q

inter neurone

A

passes information from the sensory neurone to the motor neurone

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10
Q

motor neurone

A

passes information from the inter neurone in the CNS to the effector

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11
Q

what is the function of the reflex arc?

A

to protect the body from harm

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12
Q

give a detailed description of the steps of the reflex arc

A

1) sensory receptors in sense organs detect stimulus (e.g sharp object on thumb)
2) electrical impulse travels along sensory neurone to the spinal cord
3) chemicals diffuse across synapse as information is passed from the sensory neurone to the inter neurones in the spinal cord (CNS)
4) electrical impluses then pass along the inter neurone
5) chemicals diffuse across synapse as information is passed from the inter neurone to the motor neurone
6) motor neurones enable a response to occur at an effector (muscle or gland)

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13
Q

what is a synapse?

A

small gaps that occur between the ends of nerve cells

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14
Q

what happens at synapses?

A

electrical impulses pass along neurons until they reach the synapse where chemicals diffuse across the gap

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15
Q

how do messages pass along nerves?

A

electrical impulses carry messages along nerves

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16
Q

how do nerves communicate with eachother?

A

by chemicals moving across a synapse

17
Q

what are endocrine organs?

A

organs in the body that produce hormones

18
Q

endocrine glands

A

produce hormones into the blood stream

19
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemical messengers that travel in the blood stream to a target organ

20
Q

what do target organs/tissues contain?

A

contain complementary receptor proteins that a specific hormone binds to causing a response

21
Q

why have specific receptors for each hormone?

A

ensures only certain target tissues are affected by a specific hormone

22
Q

what are four features of hormonal control?

A
  • chemical messages
  • slow response
  • long lasting effect
  • carried through blood
23
Q

what are four features of nervous control?

A
  • electrical messages
  • fast response
  • short lived effect
  • carried along specific nerves
24
Q

what are examples of endocrine organs?

A
  • ovaries
  • testes
  • pancreas
25
Q

what is the endocrine organ that controls blood sugar?

A

pancreas

26
Q

what is the target organ/tissue?

A

liver

27
Q

INSULIN

A

is produced when blood sugar is too high

28
Q

GLUCAGON

A

is produced when blood sugar is too low

29
Q

what happens when blood sugar is too high?

A
  • pancreas produces insulin
  • insulin travels in blood to liver
  • insulin converts glucose to storage carbohydrate glycogen in liver
  • blood sugar decreases back to normal
30
Q

what happens when blood sugar is too low?

A
  • pancreas produces glucagon
  • glucagon travels in blood to liver
  • glucagon breaks down glycogen into glucose which is released into blood
  • blood sugar increases back to normal
31
Q

what is type one diabetes and what can it be treated with?

A
  • caused by inability to produce insulin at the pancreas meaning individual cannot lower their blood sugar
  • treatment: insulin injections
32
Q

what is type two diabetes and what can it be treated with?

A
  • caused by insulin receptors at liver making body non sensitive to insulin produced
  • can be reversed by changes to diet or exercise
  • treatment: insulin tablets

biology (24 decks)

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