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Biology A-level > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A

Aerobic and anaerobic

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2
Q

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic?

A

Aerobic- Oxygen
Anaerobic- No oxygen

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3
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen + glucose-> Carbon dioxide + water

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4
Q

What is the overall word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose -> Lactate/ ethanol + carbon dioxide

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5
Q

How much ATP is created in both respirations?

A

38
2 in anaerobic

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6
Q

What are the four stages of aerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

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7
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

Glycolysis in the cytoplasm.
Link reaction and Krebs cycle in the matrix.
Oxidative phosphorylation in the cristae membrane.

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8
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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9
Q

What are the stages of anaerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis and fermentation

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10
Q

What are the end products of aerobic respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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11
Q

What are the end products in anaerobic respiration?

A

Lactate in animals and ethanol in plants

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12
Q

What stage of respiration is present in both respirations?

A

Glycolysis

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13
Q

What is the overview of glycolysis?

A

6C molecule is split into two 3C pyruvate molecules

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14
Q

What is the overview of the link reaction?

A

3C pyruvate molecules undergo a series of reactions to form acetyl coenzyme A, 2C.

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15
Q

What is the overview of the Krebs cycle?

A

A cycle of oxidation and reduction reactions. AcetylCoenzyme A enters. ATP and NADH and FADH are produced

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16
Q

What is the overview of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

NADH and FADH produced in the Krebs cycle, release their electrons to synthesise ATP. Water is a by product

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17
Q

What are the 4 stages of glycolysis?

A
  • Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose phosphate
  • Splitting of phosphorylated glucose
  • Oxidation of triose phosphate
  • Production of ATP
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18
Q

How does phosphorylation occur in glycolysis ?

A

Two ATP molecules are hydrolysed to ADP. Their phosphate molecules bind to glucose

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19
Q

Why is glucose phosphorylated during glycolysis?

A

Lowers the activation energy for enzyme controlled reactions

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19
Q

When glucose is split during glycolysis, what is created?

A

Two molecules of triose phosphate (3C)

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20
Q

How is triose phosphate created?

A

Glucose phosphate splits to become two molecules of triose phosphate

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21
Q

How is triose phosphate converted into pyruvate?

A

Hydrogen molecule is removed from the triose phosphate by NAD to make NADH. 2 molecules of ADP reacts with triose phosphate to become 2 molecules of ATP leaving pyruvate

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22
Q

How is triose phosphate oxidised during glycolysis?

A

Hydrogen is removed from the triose phosphate which is transferred to NADH.

23
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

Non protein molecule which binds loosely to an enzyme to help catalyse reactions

24
Q

How many ATP molecules are generated during glycolysis?

A

4 but the net production is 2

25
Q

How much NADH is generated during glycolysis?

A

2

26
Q

How many molecules of pyruvate is generated during glycolysis?

A

2

27
Q

What is the net output of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH

28
Q

What is NAD

A

A hydrogen carrying molecule, when reduced can carry energy to another stage of respiration

29
Q

In anaerobic respiration what happens to pyruvate?

A

Converted to ethanol in plants and lactate in animals

30
Q

In aerobic respiration, what happens to pyruvate?

A

Actively transports into the mitochondrial matrix to for the link reaction.

31
Q

Why does the link reaction occur?

A

Pyruvate stores energy which is released during the Krebs cycle but it must be oxidised first

32
Q

What happens to the pyruvate in the link reaction?

A

It is oxidised into Acetate which combines with CoA to produce acetylCoA

33
Q

Suggest why pyruvate can enter the mitochondria and glucose cannot.

A

Pyruvate is smaller

34
Q

What does pyruvate form when it is oxidised during the link reaction?

A

Oxidised to acetate

35
Q

What is the overall equation for the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate + NAD +CoA -> Acetyl CoA + NADH +CO2

36
Q

What does the link reaction produce?

A

Cycle happens twice per pyruvate so 2 NADH, 2 acetylCoA and 2 CO2

37
Q

What type of phosphorylation occurs in the Krebs cycle?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

38
Q

What is produced in a single Krebs cycle?

A

3 NADH
1 FADH
1 ATP
2 CO2

39
Q

At the end of the link reaction and the Krebs cycle, what is produced per molecule of pyruvate?

A

4 NADH
1 FADH
1 ATP
3 CO2

40
Q

At the end of the Krebs cycle, what is produced per molecule of glucose?

A

10 NADH
2 FADH
4 ATP
6 CO2

41
Q

Why is NAD so important in respiration?

A

Acts with dehydrogenase enzymes to catalyse the removal of hydrogen atoms and their transfer to molecules used in oxidative phosphorylation providing energy.

42
Q

What molecules are brought from the Krebs cycle to oxidative phosphorylation?

A

NADH and FADH

43
Q

What are reduced NAD and reduced FADH required for in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

When reduced, they carry hydrogen atoms. The electrons these atoms possess are a source of energy used for the formation of ATP

44
Q

What does the matrix of a mitochondria contain?

A

Proteins, lipids, DNA

45
Q

What does the cristae contain?

A

Enzymes and other proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation

46
Q

Where would you find cells with the most mitochondria?

A

Metabolically active cells, such as muscle cells or epithelial cells which carry out active transport

47
Q

How are mitochondria different in metabolically active cells?

A

Have more densly packed cristae so more SA of membrane for more enzymes and proteins for oxidative phosphorylation

48
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

Series of electron carrier molecules found in the cristae of the mitochondria and allow oxidative phosphorylation

49
Q

What is the purpose of oxidative transfer chain?

A

Production of ATP using the energy released from electrons carried by NADH and FADH

50
Q

Give an overview of oxidative phosphorylation

A

Hydrogen atoms are combined with NAD and FAD to reduce them. NADH and FADH donate the electron from the hydrogen atom to the ETC. The electrons move through the chain, releasing energy for the transport of protons into the inner membrane space. The protons move back by diffusion through ATP synthase channels.

51
Q

What happens to the protons and electrons at the end of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Combine with oxygen to form water

52
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?

A

Oxygen

53
Q

Why is it important that oxygen has its role in respiration?

A

Accepts the hydrogen atoms produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. If it didnt do this, the protons and electrons would back up along the chain and the process would stop

54
Q

Why isnt the energy carried by electrons in oxidative phosphorylation released in one go?

A

Most would be released as heat

55
Q

What allows the energy to be released slowly during oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Released in stages throughout the ETC as they are passed from carrier to carrier

Biology A-level (22 decks)

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