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Biology A-level > Mass Transport > Flashcards

Mass Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of molecule is hemoglobin?

A

Protein

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2
Q

How many polypeptide chains make up a haemoglobin molecule?

A

Four

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3
Q

What does haemoglobin transport?

A

Oxygen

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4
Q

What is the primary structure of haemoglobin?

A

Order of amino acid sequence in polypeptide chains

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5
Q

What is the secondary structure of haemoglobin?

A

Coiling of polypeptide chains into a helix

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6
Q

What is the tertiary structure of haemoglobin?

A

Folding polypeptide chains into precise shape.

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7
Q

What is the quaternary structure of haemoglobin?

A

Linking of the four polypeptide chains. Each polypeptide chain also also has an associated haem group.

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8
Q

What ion does haem group contain?

A

Iron (Fe2+)

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9
Q

How many oxygen molecules does each iron ion combine with?

A

one per ion

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10
Q

How many oxygen molecules can a molecule of haemoglobin carry in humans?

A

four

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11
Q

What is the name given to the process by which haemoglobin binds to oxygen?

A

Loading
Association

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12
Q

What is the name given to the process by which haemoglobin releases oxygen?

A

Unloading
Disassociation

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13
Q

What does affinity mean with respect to haemoglobin?

A

Affinity is the relative attraction of haemoglobin to oxygen

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14
Q

If haemoglobin has high affinity, what does this mean?

A

Easier to take in oxygen, harder to lose

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15
Q

If haemoglobin has low affinity, what does this mean?

A

Harder to take in, easier to lose

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16
Q

How does haemoglobin change its affinity for oxygen?

A

It will change shape when in the presence of certain molecules (e.g. carbon dioxide). If present, the carbon dioxide changes its shape, so the oxygen no longer fits as well, and is easily disassociated.

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17
Q

What do we mean by partial pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by a single component of a mixture of gases

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18
Q

What does a dissociation curve represent?

A

Relation between partial pressure of oxygen and oxygen saturation of haemoglobin

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19
Q

What shape does the oxygen dissociation curve take?

A

Sigmoidal (S)

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20
Q

Why does the oxygen dissociation curve increase slowly to begin with>

A

Difficult for first oxygen molecule to bind

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21
Q

Why does the oxygen dissociation curve increase sharply after a slow beginning?

A

First oxygen to bind changes the quarternary structure, making the binding of subsequent molecules easier

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22
Q

Why does the oxygen dissociation curve increase slowly at the end of the graph?

A

Easier for molecules to bind, but the likelihood of the fourth oxygen molecule finding an empty binding site is less likely.

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23
Q

What is the name of the increase in ease of binding for oxygen molecules?

A

Positive cooperativity

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24
Q

If an oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to the left, how does that affect the affinity for oxygen?

A

Increases oxygen affinity

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25
Q

If an oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to the right, how does that affect the affinity for oxygen?

A

Decreases oxygen affinity

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26
Q

What effect does carbon dioxide have on the affinity of hemoglobin?

A

Higher carbon dioxide concentration, the lower the affinity

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27
Q

What effect does a higher concentration of carbon dioxide have on the oxygen dissociation curve?

A

Right shift

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28
Q

What effect does a lower concentration of carbon dioxide have on the oxygen dissociation curve?

A

Left shift

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29
Q

What name is given to the shifting of the dissociation curve due to carbon dioxide?

A

Bohr effect

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30
Q

Why does carbon dioxide cause the haemoglobin to lose oxygen more readily?

A

Dissolved carbon dioxide is acidic.
Low pH causes the haemoglobin to change shape

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31
Q

Why do large organisms require a transport system?

A

Need to transport nutrients over a greater distance

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32
Q

Why are specialist exchange surfaces required in large organisms?

A

Larger organisms require a large number of nutrients. This requires a greater surface area

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33
Q

What happens to the SA:Vol ratio as the size of organisms increases?

A

Decreases

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34
Q

What are the main features of all transport systems?

A
  • Suitable medium
  • Closed system of branching vessels
  • Way of controlling the direction of mass transport
  • Mechanism to control mass flow of water
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35
Q

How do animals move their transport medium around the body?

A

Muscular contraction

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36
Q

How do plants move their transport medium?

A

Passive process E.G evaportation

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37
Q

Name the blood vessel that carries blood to the heart muscle.

A

Coronary artery

38
Q

How is the heart described?

A

Double pump

39
Q

What does the left side of the heart deal with?

A

Oxygenated blood from lungs

40
Q

What does the right side of the heart deal with?

A

Deoxygenated blood from body

41
Q

What are the two chambers that each pump has?

A

Atrium Ventricle

42
Q

What is the structure and role of the atria?

A
  • Thin-walledq
  • Elastic
  • Stretches so blood can enter
43
Q

What is the structure and the role of the ventricle?

A
  • Thick muscular walls
  • Pumps blood a good distance
44
Q

Why is the heart a double pump system?

A

As the blood flows through the capillaries of the lungs, there is a drop in pressure. This decreases the speed the blood moves through the rest of the body

45
Q

What valve separates the left atrium and ventricle?

A

Left atrioventricular valve

46
Q

What valve separates the right atrium and ventricle?

A

Right atrioventricular valve

47
Q

Which chamber has the thickest wall and why>

A

Left ventricle
Has the pump the blood through the aorta at high pressure all round the body

48
Q

What supplies the blood to the heart?

A

Coronary arteries

49
Q

What happens if the coronary arteries are blocked?

A

Heart attack
muscles have no oxygen so die as they can not respire aerobically

50
Q

Blood moves in one direction as it passes the heart, give two ways in which this is achieved

A
  • Valves stop backflow
  • Pressure gradient
51
Q

Explain how the highest blood pressure is produced in the left ventricle.

A

Stronger contractions

52
Q

What is the contraction of the atria known as>

A

Atrial systole

53
Q

What is the relaxation of the heart called?

A

Diastole

54
Q

What is the contraction of the ventricles called?

A

Ventricular systole

55
Q

How do the atrioventricular valves close?

A

As ventricles contract, the ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure

56
Q

Where are the semi lunar valves?

A

Aorta and pulmonary artery

57
Q

How do the semi-lunar valves close?

A

When elastic walls of the arteries recoil, causing the pressure to exceed that of the relaxed ventricle, the blood is forced through the artery.

58
Q

What are pocket valves?

A

Valves in vein

59
Q

How do pocket valves close?

A

When skeletal muscles contract and the veins are squeezed, the valves only allow blood to flow toward the heart.

60
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Heart rate X stroke volume

61
Q

What are the four types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Aterioles

62
Q

What is the second most inner layer found in both arteries and veins called?

A

Elastic layer

63
Q

What is the adaptations of arteries which allow them to withstand high pressure?

A

Thick elastic tissue which allows it to expand

64
Q

Name three substances that are found within the tissue fluid

A

Glucose
Amino acid
fatty acids

65
Q

Explain the role of the heart in the formation of tissue fluid.

A

Contraction of ventricles produces high blood pressure
Forces water out of blood capilaries

66
Q

Describe and explain four ways in which the structure of capillary adapts it for exchange of substances between blood and surrounding tissues.

A
  • Small diameter, gives large SA: Vol ratio
  • Narrow lumen, reduces flow rate giving more time for diffusion
  • Single-cell thick, reduces diffusion distance
  • Flattened cells, reduces diffusion distance.
67
Q

How does water move up the stem?

A
  • Cohesion
  • Tension
68
Q

How is water lost through a leaf?

A

Lost through the stomata

69
Q

How is water lost through the stomata?

A

Diffusion
Humidity of the atmosphere is lower than that inside the leaf

70
Q

How does water move through the cells of a leaf?

A
  • Mesophyll cells lose water through evaporation
  • Lowers water potential
  • Causes movement of water via osmosis from neighbouring cells due to water potential difference
71
Q

How does water move up the stem in the xylem?

A
  • Water evaporates from the mesophyll
  • Hydrogen bonds between water molecules cause cohesion
  • Loss of water draws up new water molecules
72
Q

What is the evidence of cohesion-tension theory?

A
  • Changes in diameter of tree trunks based on the rate of transpiration.
73
Q

Where does the energy come from to drive the process of transpiration?

A

The sun

74
Q

Does sucrose affect water potential and if so how does the plant combat this?

A

Lowers water potential in phloem sieve tubes, water moves from the xylem to sieve tubes

75
Q

What is a potometer?

A

Equipment that measures movement of water into plant

76
Q

What is it that moves in a potometer?

A

Water
Observed by trapping an air bubble that is drawn through a capillary tube

77
Q

Why is the plant investigated, cut underwater?

A

As to not get air trapped in xylem vessels

78
Q

What is measured when using a potometer?

A

Movement of a trapped air bubble along a capillary tube and the time is taken. Then the volume of water taken in the plant and the time taken to calculate the rate of uptake.

79
Q

Do humid conditions increase or decrease rate of water loss?

A

Decreases rate of water loss

80
Q

How does sucrose enter the sink from the phloem?

A

Active transport

81
Q

How is sucrose moved from the source to the sieve elements?

A

1 - Diffuses down the concentration gradient by facilitated diffusion into companion cells
2 - H+ ions actively transported out of companion cells
3 - H+ ions and sucrose molecules are transported into sieve tube elements by co-transport

82
Q

How is sucrose moved through the sieve elements?

A

1 - Sucrose that moves in at the source decreases water potential
2 - Water moves in from the xylem
3 - At the sinks, sucrose moves into the respiring cells, as does water
4 - This creates a hydrostatic pressure difference, so the sucrose solution is forced from source to sink

83
Q

Is translocation active or passive?

A

Active
Active transport

84
Q

Describe how high pressure is produced in the leaves.

A

Water potential becomes lower
water enters phloem via osmosis
increased volume means an increased pressure

85
Q

In a woody stem, what lues just under the bark?

A

The phloem

86
Q

What happens in a ringing experiment?

A

Complete ring of bark and phloem removed from stem

87
Q

What would you observe after a ringing experiment?

A

Swollen region in bark above the ring of ripped stem.

88
Q

What happens to the parts of the plant above and below the stripped area of bark in a ringing experiment?

A

Non-photosynthetic parts below ring die, those above stay alive

89
Q

How does removing the phloem affect the plant and what does it mean?

A
  • Sugars accumulate above the ring causing swelling
  • ## Interruption of sugars causes parts below the ring to dieThis shows the phloem and not the xylem is involved in the movement of sugars.
90
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Element with the same number of electrons and protons but a different number of neutrons

91
Q

What are radioactive isotopes used for in-plant investigations?

A

To trace the movement of isotopes and substances they become.

92
Q

What can be used to identify the presence of radioisotopes?

A

X-ray film
This will be blackened when exposed to radiation

Biology A-level (22 decks)

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