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Biology A-level > Nervous coordination and muscle contraction > Flashcards

Nervous coordination and muscle contraction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between the nervous system and the hormonal system?

A

The nervous response is rapid but doesn’t last long and is restricted to one region of the body.

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2
Q

How is resting potential maintained?

A
  • Sodium potassium pump actively transports 3 sodium ions out of the axon and 2 potassium ions into the axon.
  • Also, sodium channels are closed whilst potassium channels are open
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3
Q

What happens in an action potential?

A

Stimuli causes sodium ion channels to open so sodium diffuses in, making the inside more positive. This is depolarisation.

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4
Q

What happens in repolarisation?

A

Sodium ion channels close, potassium ion channels open so potassium ions move out of the axon causing the inner membrane to become negative again.
Too many potassium ions diffuse out causing hyperpolarisation

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5
Q

What is the advantage of a myelinated neurone?

A

Impulses travel faster because depolarisation does not need to happen across the whole membrane only at nodes of Ranvier. This is known as saltatory conduction.

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6
Q

Apart from myelinated sheaths how else can speed of transmission be increased?

A

Temperature and increased diameter

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7
Q

Why does increasing the diameter of the neurone speed up transmission?

A

Less leakage makes the potential hard to maintain

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8
Q

What is the all or nothing principle?

A

Below the threshold value means no action potential. Above the threshold causes an action potential but the strength of the action potential is always the same

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9
Q

What is the refractory period and why is it important?

A

Once an action potential is created there is a period after where inward movement of sodium ions is prevented which ensures the action potentials are unidirectional, discrete and limited number.

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10
Q

What is the gap between neurones called?

A

Synaptic cleft

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11
Q

What are the three proteins that make up the muscle fibre?

A

Actin, myosin and tropomyosin

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12
Q

Describe actin

A

A thin globular protein consisting of two strands twisted around one another

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13
Q

Describe myosin

A

Thicker, made up of long rod shaped tails and a bulbous head

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14
Q

What is the difference between slow and fast twitch muscles?

A

Slow contract slower and weaker as they are built for endurance

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15
Q

Adaptations of slow twitch muscles

A

Large store of myoglobin
Rich supply of blood vessels
Lots of mitochondria

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16
Q

Adaptations of fast twitch muscles

A

Large store of glycogen
More myosin filaments
High concentration of enzymes for anaerobic respiration
Store of phosphocreatine

17
Q

What does phosphocreatine do?

A

Rapidly generates ATP in anaerobic conditions

18
Q

What is the purpose of tropomyosin?

A

Stop myosin heads binding to actin by covering the bonding site until calcium ions released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum causes the tropomyosin to change shape.

19
Q

What happens to the A band, I band, H zone and Z line in contraction?

A

A band- No change
I band- Shortens
H zone- shortens
Z lines- closer together

20
Q

What is the role of calcium ions and ATP in muscle contraction?

A

Calcium ions cause tropomyosin to move and stimulates ATPase.
ATP causes myosin head to detach and return to normal position.
ATP actively transports calcium ions back to sarcoplasmic reticulum when muscle relaxes

21
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

22
Q

What is an antagonistic pair?

A

A pair of muscles that work together to move a bone.

23
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

The plasma membrane in muscle fibre

24
Q

What is the sarcoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm in a muscle fibre

25
Q

What filaments does the H zone include?

A

Thick myosin filaments only

26
Q

What filaments does the I band contain?

A

Thin actin filaments only

27
Q

What is the Z line?

A

End of the sarcomere

28
Q

What is the sarcomere?

A

Section of the myofibril in between adjacent Z lines

29
Q

What is the M-line?

A

Middle of the sarcomere

30
Q

What does the A zone include?

A

Thick myosin filaments overlapping thin actin filaments

31
Q

What type of transport is used by the sodium potassium pump?

A

Active transport

32
Q

What ion channels are open during depolarisation?

A

Voltage gated sodium ion channels

33
Q

How does an agonistic drug work?

A

Same shape as neurotransmitter, so mimic their action

34
Q

How does an antagonistic drug work?

A

Block the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane so the neurotransmitter cannot bind

Biology A-level (22 decks)

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