Respiration Flashcards
Energy
capacity for doing work
What is respiration
It involves the oxidation of food molecules and energy is released during the processed
Respiration definition
It’s the release of energy from food and goes on in all living cells
How do muscles contract?
Muscles are collection of long muscle fibres when they shorten at the same time muscle contracts
Aerobic respiration formula
Glucose + oxygen gives Carbon dioxide + water
How does aerobic respiration work
- O2 taken in from the lungs and is taken round the body by the blood.
- Glucose is taken from digested
food in the gut. - Muscles have extensive capileries to store the
glucose and O2 and to carry away CO2
Anaerobic respiration formula
Glucose gives energy + Lactic Acid
What are the 2 drawbacks of anaerobic respiration
- Gives only 1/12 energy of aerobic respiration
- Lactic acid is poisonous a build up causes inhibition in muscle contraction
Gas exchange def
Swapping of oxygen for CO2
How does gas exchange take place
Through a gas exchange surface - It’s thin so can allow gasses to pass through it
Properties gas exchange surface
- One cell thick - Short distance where the gasses have to diffuse
- Large SA - Many molecules can diffuse at the same time
- Moist - So calls can be kept alive
- Well ventilates - Conc. gradients are kept up by regular fresh supplies of air
- Close to blood supply Gasses can be carried to cells that need them easily
Larynx
Air passes through here while breathing and when it passes out vocal cords can vibrate. To make speech
Trachea
Tube that carries air towards the lungs. rings of cartilage prevent collaspsing during inhalation
Bronchus
1st branch from the trachea
Bronchioles
Final branch leading to the alvioli
Alveoli (Air sacs)
Lined by the membrane where gas exchange takes place. The surface is moist and thin and has a huge area
Branch of pulmonary artery
delivers deoxygenated blood at high pressures from the right ventricle of the heart
Breathing
Is the set of muscular movements that gives the respiratory surface a constant supply of fresh air
Breathing is bought in by
The action of 2 group muscles - the intercostal muscles and the diaphram
The properties of the pleural membrane
What happens when we breath in
- The external intercostal muscles contract and pull the ribcage upward and outward
- Diaphram muscles contact and move downward
- Lung volume increases and the pressure falls
- Air rushes in to fill the extra space and equalises the pressure
What happens when we breath out
- Internal intercostal muscles relax and rib cage falls downward and inward
- Diaphram Muscles relax and the diaphram returns to its dome shape
- Lung volume decreases and pressure increases
- Air is forced out
What is the pleural Membrane
- It sticks to the outside of the lungs and the inside of the chest cavity
- The stickiness means lungs will follow the movement of the chest wall
How does oxgyen affect inspired and expired air and why
Inspired Air - 21
expired air - 18
Oxygen has diffused from the air into the alveoli into the blood
How does CO2 affect inspired and expired air and why
Inspired Air - 0.04
expired air - 3
CO2 has diffused from the blood into the the air into the alveoli
How does nitrogen affect inspired and expired air and why
Inspired - 78
expired -78
It’s not used by the body
How does water vapor affect inspired and expired air and why
Inspired - vairiable
expired - saturated
Water vapor evaporates from the surface of the alveoli
How does Temp. affect inspired and expired air and why
Inspired - vairiable
expired - 37 degrees
Heat is lost from the surface of the lungs
Asthma
Difficulty breathing
Air can’t move along the pressure gradient because
The muscles in the wall of the brochi contract
The lining of the bronchi ‘leaks’ a sticky mucus
Factors that cause asthma attack
- Allergy to pollen
- dust/fur
- smoke and air pollution
Treatments for asthma
- Removal of the factor causing it
- Use of a bronchiodilator - Spray containing a drug which relaxes the bronchial muscles
How does smoking affect the breathing rate
increase, due to carbon mono-oxide
How does anxiety the breathing rate
increase due to an increase of adrenline
How does drugs affect the breathing rate
Some cause an increase eg: Amphetimines
Some cause a decrease eg: alchohol
How does environment affect the breathing rate
increased by low CO2 concentration
How does weight affect the breathing rate
increase as fat makes the lungs ventilation harder
can decrease excess body wieght
